Of Bacillus subtilis

Tricyclic pyrazole derivatives (698) are described by Hashem et al. as inhibitors of the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus and KB cells at moderate concentrations (76JMC229). 

Antibiotic activities are examined by transfer of seed culture of Bacillus subtilis on nutrient agar on a Petri dish. The seed culture for Bacillus subtilis is a simple basal media of... 

A comparison of the structures of penicillin and Dalanyl-Dalanine (cf. structures 41 and 42) shows that there is a great deal of similarity between the two molecules. Penicillin is essentially an acylated cyclic dipeptide of Dcysteine and Dvaline (84). As such, it contains a peptide bond, that of the /3-lactam ring, that can acylate the enzyme. Labeling studies of the peptidoglycan transpeptidase of Bacillus subtilis indicate that radioactive penicillin reacts with a sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue of the enzyme (86). 

Fig. 4. a) Inhibition of microbial growth by GA, from Bacillus subtilis. Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, b) Growth curve of Bacillus subtilis at 32 ° C ( ) Milk, (O) milk with addedGA47pM. 

The growth of Bacillus subtilis may take place under a variety of conditions (a) aerobic conditions, (b) using nitrate as electron acceptor, and (c) fermentative conditions with glucose provided pyruvate is available as an electron acceptor since the organism lacks pyruvate formate hydrogen lyase (Nakano and Zuber 1998). 

Kaminskas E, Y Kimhi, B Maganasik (1970) Urocanase and V-formrmino-L-glutamate formrminohy-drolase of Bacillus subtilis, two enzymes of the histidine degradation pathway. J Biol Chem 245 3536-3544. 

M. S. Roberts, L. K. Nakamura, and F. M. Cohan, Bacillus vallismortis sp nov, a close relative of Bacillus subtilis, isolated from soil in Death Valley, California, hit. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 46 470 (1996). 

Sato, T. and Kobayashi, Y., The ars operon in the skin element of Bacillus subtilis confers resistance to arsenate and arsenite, J Bacteriol, 180 (7), 1655-1661, 1998. 

Leenders, F. Stein, T. H. Kablitz, B. Franke, P Vater, J. Rapid typing of Bacillus subtilis strains by their secondary metabolites using matrix-assisted laser desorp-tion/ionization mass spectrometry of intact cells. Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 1999,13, 943-949. 

Within our laboratory we have shown that using the combination of PyMS and ANNs it is possible to follow the production of indole in a number of strains of E. coli grown on media incorporating various amounts of tryptophan,98 and to estimate the amount of casamino acids in mixtures with glycogen.99 It was also shown that it is possible to quantify the (bio)chemical constituents of complex binary mixtures of proteins and nucleic acids in glycogen, and to measure the concentrations of binary and tertiary mixtures of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.93,100... 

Lopez-Valdez F, Fernandez-Luqueno F, Ceballos-Ramirez JM, Marsch R, Olalde-Portugal V, Dendooven L.A strain of Bacillus subtilis stimulates sunflower growth (Heli-anthus annuus L.) temporarily. Scientia Horticulturae. 2011 128 499-505. DOL10.1016/ j. scienta.2011.02.006... 

Jia, L., Liu, B., Terabe, S., Nishioka, T. (2004). Two-dimensional separation method for analysis of bacillus subtilis metabolites via hyphenation of micro-liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem. 76, 1419-1428. 

But how do microorganisms behave in outer space Answers to this question require experiments to be carried out in space, as (however well they may try to simulate conditions in outer space) laboratory experiments are often considered to be artificial and unrealistic . Thus, microbes have been put on board a number of space vehicles and subjected to outer space conditions to probe the effect of various variables on the survival probability of Bacillus subtilis spores. 

More recent experiments on the ability of Bacillus subtilis spores to survive in space were carried out on behalf of NASA by the Russian FOTON satellite. The NASA appliance, BIOPAN, allowed various experiments to be carried out on the spores three flights were carried out, in 1994,1997 and 1999. An orbit took 90 minutes FOTON rotated, so that BIOPAN passed into and out of sunlight both during rotation and during each orbit. More exact details are given by Horneck et al., 2001. 

Table 11.1 Survival of Bacillus subtilis spores subjected in different missions to the ultra-high vacuum conditions (10 6—10 4 Pa) prevalent in outer space (Horneck et al., 2002b)...

The recent crystallization of the small water-soluble transcriptional regulator of Bacillus subtilis multidrug transporter Bmr, BmrR, which binds hydrophobic cations from the cytosol [64, 65] provides a good example for an interaction determined primarily by van der Waals interactions. Interestingly, the same drugs, which bind to the water-soluble BmrR are also substrates for the transmembrane multidrug transporter Bmr. As will be discussed below, the latter interactions could well be of different nature. 

Hirose I et al. Proteome analysis of Bacillus subtilis extracellular proteins a two-dimensional protein electrophoretic study. Microbiology 2000 146 65-75. 

Harrison, Tarr and Hibbert96 investigated the production of levan from sucrose by the action of Bacillus subtilis Cohn and B. mesentericus Trevisan. Nutrient solutions containing 10% carbohydrate, 0.1% peptone, 0.2% disodium hydrogen phosphate and 0.5% potassium chloride were incubated at 37° for six days. Levan formation occurred only with sucrose and raffinose, and not with melezitose, lactose, maltose, D-xylose, D-glucose or D-fructose. It was therefore suggested that only those carbohydrates with a terminal D-fructofuranose residue were satisfactory substrates for levan formation. 

J. Seibel, R. Moraru, S. Gotze, K. Buchholz, S. Na amnieh, A. Pawlowski, and H. J. Hecht, Synthesis of sucrose analogues and the mechanism of action of Bacillus subtilis fructosyltransferase (levansucrase), Carbohydr. Res., 341 (2006) 2335-2349. 

R. Chambert and G. Gonzy-Treboul, Levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of transfructosylation processes, Eur. J. Biochem., 62 (1976) 55-64. 

R. Chambert and M. F. Petit-Glatron, Polymerase and hydrolase activities of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase can be separately modulated by site-directed mutagenesis, Biochem. J., 279 (1991) 35—41. 

Caufield, M.P., Horiuchi, S., Tai, P.C., and Davis, B.D. (1984) The 64-kilodalton membrane protein of Bacillus subtilis is also present as a multiprotein complex on membrane-free ribosomes. Biochemistry 81, 7772-7776. 

Fischer, brilliant results were achieved, and in succession the a-amylases of pig pancreas, of Bacillus subtilis, of human saliva, of human pancreas, and of Aspergillus oryzae, and the /3-amylase of malt, were successfully crystallized. Important biological deductions were gained from this study whereas the amylases of human pancreas and saliva cannot be distinguished from one another, amylases from pig pancreas and from human pancreas are different. These differences are manifested in molecular weight, crystalline forms, electrophoretic mobility, and influence of the pH on the activity however, all the amylases have the same specific biochemical action. The identity of the enzymes seems to be dependent on the species and not on the organ. Interest in biologically active proteins led Meyer to a study of the protein hormones, a field in which he was very active at the time of his death. 

Idaka E, Ogawa T, Sakaguchi M et al (1980) Characteristics of Bacillus subtilis azoreductase. Res Rept Fac Eng Gifu Univ 30 53-58... 

Xanthine oxidase, a widely used source of superoxide, has been frequently applied for the study of the effects of superoxide on DNA oxidation. Rozenberg-Arska et al. [30] have shown that xanthine oxidase plus excess iron induced chromosomal and plasmid DNA injury, which was supposedly mediated by hydroxyl radicals. Ito et al. [31] compared the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA by potassium superoxide and the xanthine xanthine oxidase system. It was found that xanthine oxidase but not K02 was a source of free radical mediated DNA inactivation apparently due to the conversion of superoxide to hydroxyl radicals in the presence of iron ions. Deno and Fridovich [32] also supposed that the single strand scission formation after exposure of DNA plasmid to xanthine oxidase was mediated by hydroxyl radical formation. Oxygen radicals produced by xanthine oxidase induced DNA strand breakage in promotable and nonpromotable JB6 mouse epidermal cells [33]. 

H.-P. Meyer, W. Beyeler, and A. Fiechter, Experiences with the on-line measurement of culture fluorescence during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Sporotrichum thermophile. 

Similar results were obtained in a study of the combined effect of ultrasound (20 kHz) and heat treatment on the survival of two strains of Bacillus subtilis in distilled water, glycerol and milk [17]. When spores, suspended in water or milk, were subjected to ultrasonic waves before heat treatment little or no decrease of the heat resistance was observed. However when heat and ultrasound were applied simultaneously the heat treatment times in milk were reduced by 74% for B. subtilis var, niger-40 and by 63 % for B. subtilis var, ATCC 6051 and similar results were obtained in glycerol. Thermosonication in water was more marked reducing the heat resistance of the spores by up to 99.9 % in the 70 - 95 °C range. The effect of thermosonication was slightly diminished to 75 % as the temperature reached the boiling point of water. 

During a more controlled study carried out within an environment artificially contaminated with high levels of individual nebulized spores of Bacillus subtilis [2], a level of contamination within the environment was achieved which led to the contamination of broth-filled units. The results were extrapolated to suggest a contamination rate of 1 unit in 4 X 10 with a smrounding environmental contamination of 1 cfu/ml... 

Table II. Genetic Loci of Bacillus subtilis Which Regulate Subtilisin Production...

Bunyapaiboonsri, T Ramstrom, H. Ramstrom, O. Haiech, J. Lehn, J.-M. Generation of bis-cationic heterocyclic inhibitors of Bacillus subtilis HPr kinase/phosphatase from a ditopic dynamic combinatorial library. J. Med. Chem. 2003,46, 5803-5811. 

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