Hydrolase activity

Further efficient fermentative methods for manufacture of riboflavin have been patented one is culturing C. famata by restricting the carbon source uptake rate, thereby restricting growth in a linear manner by restriction of a micronutrient. By this method, productivity was increased to >0.17 g riboflavin/L/h (63). The other method, using Bacillus subtilis AJ 12644 low in guanosine monophosphate hydrolase activity, yielded cmde riboflavin 0.9 g/ L/3 days, when cultured in a medium including soy protein, salts, and amino acids (64). 

Panetta JC, Wall A, Pui CH, Rolling MV, Evans WE. Methotrexate intracellular disposition in acute lymphoblastic leukemia a mathematical model of gamma-glutamyl hydrolase activity. Clin Cancer Res 2002 8 2423-9. 

BHANDARI s D, GREGORY J F 3rd (1990) Inhibition by selected food components of human and porcine intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase activity. ,4m J Clin Nutr. 51 87-94. 

While E. carotovora presents endo-polygalacturonase activity (10), the only hydrolase activity found in E. chrysanthemi is an exo-deaving polygalacturonase. Polygalacturonases hydrolyse a-l,4-glycosidic bonds they are active at addic pH (between 4 and 6.5) and do not require divalent cations. An exo-polygalacturonase... 

Picard M, J Gross, E Liibbert, S Tolzer, S Krauss, K-H van Pee (1997) Metal-free haloperoxidases as unusual hydrolases activation of HjOj by the formation of peracetic acid. Angew Chem Int Ed 36 1196-1199. 

Roberts, M.F. and Waller, G.R., N-methyltransferases and 7-methyl-N9-nucleo-side hydrolase activity in Coffea arabica and the biosynthesis of caffeine, Phytochemistry, 18,451,1979. 

Hydrolysis of end-labeled 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers by purified A. faecalis T poly(3HB) depolymerase showed that the enzyme mainly cleaved the second and third ester linkage from the hydroxyl terminus [69]. However, since the enzyme also hydrolyzes cyclic oligomers, the A. faecalis depolymerase has endo-hydrolase activity in addition to exo-hydrolase activity [18, 70]. Results of... 

Brandi et al. [71] using culture fluid of Acidovorax delafieldii and cyclic 3HB oligomers were in agreement with the presence of endo-hydrolase activity of poly(3HB) depolymerases. Similar results were obtained by de Koning et al. [72] who demonstrated that covalently cross-linked poly(HAMCL) was hydrolyzed completely by P. fluorescens. It is assumed that most - if not all - extracellular poly(HA) depolymerases have endo- and exo-hydrolase activity. Depending on the depolymerase the hydrolysis products are only monomers, monomers and dimers, or a mixture of oligomers (mono- to trimers). 

The first products of enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(3HB) by purified poly(3HB) depolymerases are a mixture of monomeric and/or oligomeric 3-hydroxybuty-rate esters. Some enzymes are able to hydrolyze oligomers and dimers to monomeric 3-hydroxybutyrate after prolonged time of hydrolysis in the presence of an excess of the appropriate depolymerase. These poly(3HB) depolymerases have high endogenous dimer-hydrolase activities (e.g., the poly(3HB) depolymerases of Comamonas strains, P. stutzeri, S. exfoliatus, and the depolymerases... 

Drugs may also undergo hydrolysis by intestinal esterases (hydrolases), more specifically carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) in the intestinal lumen and at the brush border membrane [58, 59]. It has been shown that intestinal hydrolase activity in humans was closer to that of the rat than the dog or Caco-2 cells [60]. In these studies, six propranolol ester prodrugs and p-nitrophenylacetate were used as substrates, and the hydrolase activity found was ranked in the order human > rat Caco-2 cells > dog for intestinal microsomes. The rank order in hydrolase activity for the intestinal cytosolic fraction was rat > Caco-2 cells = human > dog. The hydrolase activity towards p-nitrophenylacetate and tenofovir disoproxil has also been reported in various intestinal segments from rats, pigs and humans. The enzyme activity in intestinal homogenates was found to be both site-specific (duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon) and species-dependent (rat > man > Pig)-... 

Yoshigae, Y., Imai, T., Horita, A., Matsukane, H., Otagiri, M., Species differences in stereoselective hydrolase activity in intestinal mucosa, Pharm. Res. 1998, 35, 626-631. 

R. Chambert and M. F. Petit-Glatron, Polymerase and hydrolase activities of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase can be separately modulated by site-directed mutagenesis, Biochem. J., 279 (1991) 35—41. 

Ros M, Pascuala JA, Garciaa C, Hemandeza MT, Insam H (2006) Hydrolase activities, microbial biomass and bacterial community in a soil after long-term amendment with different composts. Soil Biol Biochem 38 3443-3452 Rovira P, Vallejo VR (2002) Labile and recalcitrant pools of carbon and nitrogen in organic matter decomposing at different depths in soil an acid hydrolysis approach. Geoderma 107 109-141... 

Carboxylesterases (CESs) catalyze hydrolysis of pyrethroids. The expression of CESs is ubiquitous in mammals. The highest hydrolase activity is present in liver. 

D. Josse, P. Masson, Human Plasma Paraoxonase (HuPONl) An Anti-Atherogenic Enzyme with Organophosphate Hydrolase Activity , Ann. Pharm. Fr. 2001, 59, 108-118. 

C. B. Millard, O. Lockridge, C. A. Broomfield, Design and Expression of Organophos-phorus Acid Anhydride Hydrolase Activity in Human Butyrylcholinesterase , Biochemistry 1995, 34, 15925-15933. 

Table 10.2. Epoxide Hydrolase Activity in Human Liver Microsomes [119]... 

N. R. Kitteringham, C. Davis, N. Howard, M. Pirmohamed, B. K. Park, Interindividual and Interspecies Variation in Hepatic Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Activity Studies with cw-Stilbene Oxide, Carbamazepide 10,11-Epoxide and Naphthalene , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 278, 1018 - 1027. 

Eytan, E., Armon, T., Heller, H., Beck, S., and Hershko, A. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase activity associated with the 26 S protease complex, J Biol Chem, 1993, 268, 4668-74. 

For a long time it was generally accepted that epoxide hydrolases are predominantly found in mammals [25,26], although epoxide hydrolase activities had been detected in bacteria [34,35] or fungi [36,37] quite some years ago. This view was too simplistic, since these enzymes have now been detected in many bacteria [38-40], fungi [41], as well as in red yeast [42]. Moreover, epoxide hydrolase activity has also been demonstrated in plants [43] and insects [44]. 

It is noteworthy that, in contrast to mammalian systems, the majority of bacterial strains exhibited sufficient activity even when the cells were grown under non-optimized conditions. Since enzyme induction is still a largely empirical task, cells were grown on standard media in the absence of inducers. Furthermore, all attempts to induce epoxide hydrolase activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 9571 and Pseudomonas oleovorans ATCC 29347 by growing the cells on an alkane (decane) or alkene (1-octene) as the sole carbon source failed [27]. 

K (peptidase activity) = 0.018 pM IC50 (epoxide hydrolase activity) = 0.2 pM... 

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