Of aviation gasoline

Various companies worked on the development of Fluid catalytic cracking units. During World War II, the government requested some of the leaders in this field to pool their knowledge so as to speed the production of aviation gasoline. The fact that so many Fluid units were constructed and put into operation in such a short time shows that this joint effort was successful. However, because of this effort, many of the basic Fluid patents were held for many years in combination with other companies, some of which also developed their own Fluid designs. 

Between 1948 and 1975, per capita consumption of gasoline in the United States increased from about 150 gal/yr to a little less than 500 gal/yr. A gi owing trend after the war was the increasing use of jet fuel for aircraft and the decline in use of aviation gasoline. j fter 1945, oil production increased in other parts of the world, especially the Middle East and Latin America. By the 1970s, the Middle East became a dominant oil producing region. The cartel formed by... 

In 1938, when Mr. Howard and Mr. Teagle of Standard Oil wanted to learn from Ter Meer why they hadn t yet received the long-deferred buna process, Von Knieriem added his voice. Calming the gentlemen down, he and Ter Meer had, in exchange for one more empty postponement, talked them out of Standard s secret military formula for making tetraethyl lead, the indispensable component of aviation gasoline. 

S1. Now in what year did you actually negotiate this twenty million ars worth of aviation gasoline ... 

This value is primarily used to rate the antiknock values of aviation gasolines with octane numbers over 100. It is defined as the maximum knock-free power output obtained from fuel expressed as a percentage of the power obtainable from isooctane. The relationship between octane number and performance number is listed as follows ... 

Gums which form in aviation gasoline could produce undesirable deposits on induction manifolds, carburetors, valves, injectors, etc. Strict limitations exist for the gum content of aviation gasoline. 

TABLE 3-9. Selected Typical Properties of Aviation Gasoline Grades from ASTM D-910 Standard Specification for Aviation Gasoline... 

Effect of Pressure. Pressure is an independent variable. An increase in pressure favors the production of coke. It also favors production of gasolines of low olefin content, which is necessary in the production of aviation gasoline. 

The superiority of synthetic catalyst over the natural clay type for the production of aviation gasoline from a yield and octane standpoint is shown in the following comparisons ... 

Because propylene is highly volatile and must be marketed as fuel gas rather than as gasoline, it is low in cost and would appear to be a desirable alkylation feed stock. Balanced against its low cost, however, are the increased catalyst consumption and decreased product quality encountered in its alkylation. Consequently, its inclusion in alkylation feed is usually limited to minor quantities by the alkylate quality required for the maximum production of aviation gasolines. 

Pentane Isomerization. Pentane isomerization, although carried out on a much smaller scale, increased the critical supply of aviation gasolines toward the end of the war. Two pentane processes—one developed by Shell and one by Standard (Indiana) —were commercialized before the end of the war. The principal differences between the butane and pentane processes are the use in pentane isomerization of somewhat milder conditions and the use of an inhibitor to suppress side reactions, principally disproportionation. In general, the problems of the butane processes are inherent also in pentane isomerization, but the quality of the feed stocks is less important. Catalyst life is much... 

Manufacture of TNT, aviation gasoline, solvent Solvent, manufacture of aviation gasoline Phthalic anhydride Terephthalic acid (for plastics)... 

Exposure to xylenes may occur during their production and in the production of aviation gasoline and protective coatings, and during their use in petroleum products, e g., solvents, and as intermediates in organic synthesis. Natural sources include petroleum, forest fires and volatile substances in plants. 

The commercial alkylation of isobutane by butylenes derived from cracked gases was originally used for the production of aviation gasoline. 

Alkylation for the production of motor gasoline and petrochemicals is expected to show considerable growth for years to come, but alkylation for the production of aviation gasoline should remain relatively stable as one of the more important alkylation reactions. 

The original source of feed stock for the production of aviation gasoline was the butylene-isobutane portion of products from thermal cracking. Later, the thermal cracking units were replaced by catalytic cracking units, and most of the feed stocks are now derived from this source. To a... 

Commercial alkylation operations in petroleum refineries were originally limited almost entirely to the alkylation of isobutane with propylene, butylenes, and amylenes for the production of aviation gasoline. It has expanded greatly since that time to include the production of motor gasoline and numerous petrochemicals. 

Ostendorf et al. [30] have described two different methods of field sampling for residual gasoline in sandy soil. Both methods gave precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline in a given location. 

Among the many international honors he received were the Butlerow Prize and the Lavoisier, Berthelot, and Willard Gibbs medals. He was cited by the United States Government for his work on the production of aviation gasoline, which was credited with establishing the air superiority of the Allied Forces. 

Example C.3 applies GREGPLUS with differential reactor data to assess four rival models of hydrogenation of iso-octenes for production of aviation gasoline. The variance estimate needed for discrimination of these models was estimated from the residuals of high-order polynomial regressions of the same data set. 

Wartime necessity brought about commercial development of the isomerization processes well in advance of the time that they would be needed under a peacetime economy. In the event of another war, they will immediately resume their essential role in the manufacture of aviation gasoline. 

During World War II, synthetic silica-alumina was found to be superior to activated-clay catalyst for production of aviation gasoline (51,347). The synthetic catalyst was more active and produced higher yields of fractions boiling within the aviation-gasoline range, higher octane number, and lower unsaturation. 

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