Manganese marine deposit

The interaction and sorption of metal ions with metal oxide and clay surfaces has occupied the attention of chemists, soil scientists, and geochemists for decades (1-4). Transition metal oxides receiving particular emphasis have included various oxides of manganese and iron (5). Interest in sorption phenomena is promoted by the desire to better understand incorporation of metals into minerals, especially marine deposits ( ), the removal of trace metal pollutants and radionuclides from rivers and streams, via sorption and/or precipitation phenomena (1,6), and the deposition of metals on solid substrates in the preparation of catalysts (7,8). 

Cronan D. S. (1997) Some controls on the geochemical variabihty of manganese nodules with particular reference to the tropical South Pacific. In Manganese Mineralization Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits, Special Publication Number 119 (eds. K. Nicholson, J. R. Hein, B. Biihn, and S. Dasgupta). Geological Society of London, pp. 139-152. 

Morgan, C.L. (2000) Resource estimates of the Clarion-Clipperton manganese nodule deposits, in Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits (ed. D.S. Cronan), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 145—170. 

Murray, J., and Irvine, R. (1895). On the manganese oxides and manganese nodules in marine deposits. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 37, 721-742. 

Giovanoli, R. and Burki, R, 1975, Comparison of X-ray evidence of marine manganese nodules and non-marine manganese ore deposits. Chimia, 29 266-269. 

Jeong, K.S., Kang, J.K., Lee, K.Y. Jung, H.S., Chi, S.B. andAhn, S.J., 1996. Formation and distribution of manganese nodule deposits in the western margin of Clarion-Clipperton fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific. Geo-Marine Letters, 16 123-131. 

Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R., Buhn, B. and Dasgupta S. (eds), 1997. Manganese mineralization Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits. Geological Society Special Publication, 119 370 pp. 

Nicholson K. Hein J, Buhn B, Dasgupta S (eds.) (1997) Manganese Mineralisation Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geological Society Special Publication 119, London. 

By far the most important ores of iron come from Precambrian banded iron formations (BIF), which are essentially chemical sediments of alternating siliceous and iron-rich bands. The most notable occurrences are those at Hamersley in Australia, Lake Superior in USA and Canada, Transvaal in South Africa, and Bihar and Karnataka in India. The important manganese deposits of the world are associated with sedimentary deposits the manganese nodules on the ocean floor are also chemically precipitated from solutions. Phosphorites, the main source of phosphates, are special types of sedimentary deposits formed under marine conditions. Bedded iron sulfide deposits are formed by sulfate reducing bacteria in sedimentary environments. Similarly uranium-vanadium in sandstone-type uranium deposits and stratiform lead and zinc concentrations associated with carbonate rocks owe their origin to syngenetic chemical precipitation. 

Murray JW, Brewer PG (1977) In Glasby GP (ed) Marine manganese deposits. Elsevier,... 

Zinc ligands are soluble in neutral and acidic solutions, so that zinc is readily transported in most natural waters (USEPA 1980, 1987), but zinc oxide, the compound most commonly used in industry, has a low solubility in most solvents (Elinder 1986). Zinc mobility in aquatic ecosystems is a function of the composition of suspended and bed sediments, dissolved and particulate iron and manganese concentrations, pH, salinity, concentrations of complexing ligands, and the concentration of zinc (USEPA 1980). In freshwater, zinc is most soluble at low pH and low alkalinity 10 mg Zn/L of solution at pH 6 that declines to 6.5 at pH 7, 0.65 at pH 8, and 0.01 mg/L at pH 9 (Spear 1981). Dissolved zinc rarely exceeds 40 pg/L in Canadian rivers and lakes higher concentrations are usually associated with zinc-enriched ore deposits and anthropogenic activities. Marine... 

Glasby, G. P. "Marine Manganese Deposits," Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 

Cronan, D. S. "Deep Sea Nodules Distribution and Geochemistry", p. 11 Mero, J. L. "Economic Aspects of Nodule Mining," p. 327 in Marine Manganese Deposits, Glasby, G. P., ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 

General distribution of Fe-Mn nodules in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Source-. From Kennett, J. (1982). Marine Geology, Prentice Flail, Inc., p. 500. After Cronan, D. S. (1977). Marine Manganese Deposits, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 11-44. 

The main components of marine sediments are inorganic aluminosilicate minerals which are usually accumulated on the sea floor by river and other geological activities, and also skeletons and shells of marine organisms (mainly calcium carbonate and silica) [2]. Of course, some metal salts or particulates which precipitate from seawater form new minerals, e.g. manganese nodules [2]. The chemical compositions of the three principal types of sediments in the ocean are shown in Table 12 [105], Most of the sediments found in the deep-sea floor are mixtures of these three principal minerals. Study of the sediments in the oceans and seashores can provide important data related to geochemical, oceanographical or biological circulation and deposition of elements, formation and distribution of marine sediments, and exploitation of marine resources. 

Several members of the domain Bacteria have a capacity to form Mn(IV) oxides by oxidizing Mn(II), which some deposit on their cells, sheaths or appendages, or in the case of marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1 on the surface of the spores this organism forms (see Ehrlich, 1999). In most cases the mineral type of the manganese oxide formed has not been well characterized. In the case of the free spores of Bacillus sp. strain SG-1, the nature of the mineral formed varies depending on culture conditions, such as Mn(II) concentration, ionic strength and temperature, under which the mineral was formed, and on mineral aging (Mandernack et al., 1995). The initial product of the Mn(II) oxidation by the spores is poorly crystallized. 

Murray, J. W. and Brewer, P. G., The mechanisms of removal of iron, manganese, and other trace metals from sea water. p. 291-326 Glasby, G. P., ed > "Marine Manganese Deposits," Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 

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