Occurrence in Sediments

The possible importance of alkyl polychlorobibenzyls (RPCBBs) as persistent pollutants became obvious, when their congeners were found in sediments of pulp mill recipient watercourses of Central Finland (Fig. 5) at high ng g1 dw levels [58]. In pulp mill recipient sediment of the Lake Ladoga C4-mono- and di-CPHs (chlororetenes) occurred at 5-110 ng g 1 dw contents [28]. 

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Figure 41. Phase diagram for the extensive variables R -R -Si combining the data for synthetic magnesian chlorites and the compositional series of natural sepiolites and palygorskites. Numbers represent the major three-phase assemblages related to sepiolite-palygorskite occurrence in sediments. Chi = chlorite M03 = trioctahedral montmorillonites M02 = dioctahedral montmorillonite Sep = sepiolite Pa = palygorskite Kaol = kaolinite T = talc.

The Relationship Between Manganese and Iron in Sediment Ponds. To under-stand the behavior in and removal of iron and manganese from water, it is important to know the interactions of these two metals. A common occurrence in sediment ponds is the sudden development of a dissolved manganese problem. The cause may be ferrous iron from the incoming water due to the disturbance of a new site. The ferrous iron can react with insoluble manganese oxide (Mn02) in the sediments at the bottom of the pond according to Equations 12.5 and 12.6 ... 

Subroto E. A., Alexander R., and Kagi R. I. (1991) 30-Norhopanes their occurrence in sediments and crude oils. Chem. Geol. 93, 179-192. 

Automation has truly revolutionized analysis, but the contribution of the skilled analyst has increased rather than diminished. The occurrence of extraneous peaks in chromatograms due to unexpected compounds should not be merely accepted blindly but their structures should be verified. A good example is the occurrence in sediment samples of a compound which had the same GC retention time as PCB 77 (3,3, 4,4 -tetrachlorobiphenyl) but which on... 

It appears that a recognizable pyrolytic PAH fingerprint can survive over geological time-scales. Wild fires, primarily initiated by lightning strikes, are the most likely source of these PAHs in ancient sediments. Such fires have probably been a feature of terrestrial ecosystems from at least the Late Devonian (see Section 1.4.2), as suggested by the occurrence in sediments of fusinites and semifusinites (see Section 4.3.1b), the proposed products of vegetation fires (Chaloner 1989). Observed PAH distributions in ancient sediments are often like those seen in Recent sediments and are consistent with... 

Ekweozor C.M., Telnaes N. (1990) Oleanane parameter verification by quantitative study of the biomarker occurrence in sediments of the Niger delta. Org. Geochem. 16, 401-13. 

Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. As is the case with mineral oil hydraulic fluids, it may be difficult to assess the presence of polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids in sediments and soil by identifying occurrences of the components of these hydraulic fluids, because the aliphatic hydrocarbon isomers in polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids also are present in mineral oils. Thus, the occurrence of polyalphaolefins in sediments and soil cannot always be uniquely associated with hydraulic fluid usage. 

Navarro-Ortega A, Tauler R, Lacortc S, Barcelo D (2010) Occurrence and transport of PAHs, pesticides and alkylphenols in sediment samples along the Ebro River Basin. J Hydrol 383... 

Eljarrat E, De La Cal A, Raldua D, Duran C, Barcelo D (2004) Occurrence and bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from the Cinca River, a tributary of the Ebro River (Spain). Environ Sci Technol 38 2603-2608... 

Pereira, W.E., F.D. Hostettler, J.R. Cashman, and R.S. Nishioka. 1994. Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 28 434-441. 

Lauridsen RB, Kronvang B, Friberg N (2006) Occurrence of sediment-bound pyrethroids in Danish streams and their impact on ecosystem function. Water Air Soil Pollut Focus 6 423-432... 

As briefly mentioned, the occurrence of sediments in sewers is closely related to the hydraulics and physical process characteristics and the properties of the solids. This text does not include a quantitative description of the physical processes in sewers, such as sedimentation, deposition and erosion, and the corresponding physical characteristics of sewer solids. A great number of publications and textbooks address these subjects. A comprehensive description with a broad range of literature references can be found in Ashley and Verbanck (1998). Other important publications in this respect are found in Ashley (1996), Hvitved-Jacobsen et al. (1995) and Hvitved-Jacobsen (1998). Perspectives and relations to the chemical and biological sewer processes are outlined in Ashley etal. (1999). 

Crabtree (1986) postulated the existence of an aging process of sewer deposits caused by interactions between sediments and wastewater. Ristenpart (1995) investigated the occurrence of this aging in terms of the variability of specific components in sediments of different ages (Table 3.7). 

Very low levels are found in water and air. High levels in soils, sediments and animals. Occurrence in the environment related to chlorination degree obtained by photolysis >chlorination degree> persistence... 

In a review of monitoring campaigns describing the occurrence of NPEO, NP and octylphenols (OPs) in Canadian surface waters and sediments, values were compared with those obtained worldwide [10]. The latter included a total of 12 different studies conducted in Switzerland, UK, USA, Spain, and Egypt (Table 6.2.1). All recorded concentrations were roughly in the same range with values of NPEO up to 70 xgL-1 in surface waters and 45p.gg 1 in sediments. NP concentrations were reported to be as high as 180 xgL 1 in surface waters and 72 xgg-1 in sediments. 

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