Monitoring campaigns

Environmental exposure (direct). Exposure through air inhalation, soil and dust ingestion, and dermal contact of soil and dust are the principal exposure pathways. Other exposure pathways (e.g., water dermal contact) can be taken into account in some scenarios. Monitoring campaigns or multimedia fate models are used to assess the exposure (see [4]). 

Keywords Industrial and agricultural impacts, Monitoring campaigns, Sediments, Water... 

Figure 6 summarizes statistical data for all the detected compounds. The frequency of detection varied from 1.5 to 72.0% considering the results from the six monitoring campaigns. The compounds with the lowest frequency of detection were... 

In a review of monitoring campaigns describing the occurrence of NPEO, NP and octylphenols (OPs) in Canadian surface waters and sediments, values were compared with those obtained worldwide [10]. The latter included a total of 12 different studies conducted in Switzerland, UK, USA, Spain, and Egypt (Table 6.2.1). All recorded concentrations were roughly in the same range with values of NPEO up to 70 xgL-1 in surface waters and 45p.gg 1 in sediments. NP concentrations were reported to be as high as 180 xgL 1 in surface waters and 72 xgg-1 in sediments. 

In recent monitoring campaigns conducted in Germany, Spain and The Netherlands, where NPEC was also included, the NPEC concentrations detected were almost always higher than NPEO and NP in the water phase. Thus it is clear that it is also necessary to include the NPECs, in particular NPEi 6C, in the group of analytes to be monitored in further sampling campaigns. 

The above described situation deserves two final comments First of all, the need of keeping extensive monitoring campaigns for the control of pesticides in ground-water as the only reliable basis to assess quality status, and secondly, it must be... 

Additionally, in two different monitoring campaigns conducted in the center of Milan, Italy, Ciccioli and co-workers (1993) reported 2-nitrofluoranthene, 2-nitropyrene, and 1-nitropyrene were the only ni-troarenes detected. Subsequently, in a comprehensive study of the atmospheric formation and transport of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, they established their presence and levels in ambient particles collected at sites located in urban, suburban, forest, and remote areas in Europe, Asia, America, and Antarctica (Ciccioli et al., 1996, and references therein see also Ciccioli et al., 1995). 

Recent monitoring in the UK also revealed the presence of PFOA and PFOS in groundwater used for drinking water production. The source of this contamination was either pollution incidents (e.g., Buncefield explosion) or the vicinity of a local source such as an airstrip [67, 72]. Maximum PFOA and PFOS concentrations found in groundwater (i.e. influent of the drinking water treatment station) in this monitoring campaign were 230 and 152 ng/L, respectively. 

Palchak et al., after conducting both a literature review on the clinical effects of inhaled endotoxin and an airborne endotoxin monitoring campaign in a biotechnology plant, established an action threshold value for airborne endotoxin of 30 ng/m. Although all routine production processes gave values under this limit, they found that an experimental batch harvest process gave levels of up to 1.8 pg/m, 60 times their threshold value. 

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