Occupational prevalence

Swinker, M. et al.. Estuary-associated syndrome in North Carolina an occupational prevalence study, Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 21, 2001. 

Occupation Number in initial occupation Number, in new occupation Prevalence of HE (%)... 

Reviews on the occurrence, biochemical basis, and treatment of lead toxicity in children (11) and workers (3,12,13) have been pubhshed. Approximately 17% of all preschool children in the United States have blood lead levels >10 //g/dL. In inner city, low income minority children the prevalence of blood lead levels >10 //g/dL is 68%. It has been estimated that over two million American workers are at risk of exposure to lead as a result of their work. PubHc health surveillance data document that each year thousands of American workers occupationally exposed to lead develop signs and symptoms indicative of... 

FAS is normally characterized by growth retardation, anomalies of the head and face, and psychomotor dysfunctions. Excessive consumption of ethyl alcohol may lead to malformations of the heart, extremities, and kidneys. Since consumption of ethyl alcohol is socially acceptable and prevalent even in pregnant women, the risks associated with the use of ethyl alcohol are remarkable. However, it should be kept in mind that there are several chemical compounds in tlie occupational environment that may also cause malformations even at low doses. The oc-cupationally-important known human teratogens include methyl mercury, ethyl alcohol, PCB compounds, tobacco smoke, lead, TCDD, 2,4,5- F, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, gasoline, and fluoride. 

A pressing challenge for epidemiologists interested in occupational health is to derive an accurate picture of disease frequency. This challenge is met by two broad types of measurement prevalence and incidence. These arc briefly described below. 

Genetic factors cannot explain the recent rapid rise in asthma prevalence. Asthma appears to require both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Many patients with occupational asthma develop the disease late in life upon exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Environmental influences in utero or in infancy may contribute to the development of asthma. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke after birth increases the risk of childhood asthma.3 Adult-onset asthma is not uncommon and may be related to atopy, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, occupational exposure, or a recurrence of childhood asthma. 

Bipolar disorders have been categorized into bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and bipolar disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS). Bipolar I disorder is characterized by one or more manic or mixed mood episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by one or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode. Hypomania is an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, but not of sufficient severity to cause significant impairment in social or occupational function and does not require hospitalization. Most epidemiologic studies have looked at bipolar disorder of all types (bipolar I and bipolar II), or the bipolar spectrum, which includes all clinical conditions thought to be closely related to bipolar disorder. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder is estimated to be between 0.3% and 2.4%. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar II disorder ranges from 0.2% to 5%. When including the bipolar spectrum, the lifetime prevalence is between 3% and 6.5%.1... 

Environmental factors have been identified as contributing to the development of NHL. Certain occupations such as wood and forestry workers, butchers, exterminators, grain millers, machinists, mechanics, painters, printers, and industrial workers have a higher prevalence of disease. Industrial chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, organic chemicals (e.g., benzene), solvents, and wood preservatives are also associated with NHL. 

The prevalent receptor model for the excitatory amino acid is a tetrameric complex. As mentioned in the text, there is evidence that the channel conductance depends on the number of subunits that bind a ligand. Estimate the EC50 value and Hill coefficient for a dose-response curve assuming that the occupation at each subunit has a Kd value of 1 pi I, an % of 1, and that activation induces a transition to an active state independent of the state of the other subunits ... 

The most commonly observed toxic reaction to nickel and nickel compounds in the general human population is nickel dermatitis and skin sensitivity arising from dermal contact with metals containing nickel (Sunderman 1970 NAS 1975 Norseth and Piscator 1979 USEPA 1980, 1986 WHO 1991 USPHS 1993). Studies on occupational dermatitis, which is the most prevalent... 

Patients with unexplained elevated ALT levels or evidence of liver disease Health care and public safety workers after an occupational exposure Children born to HCV-positive mothers Immigrants from countries with a high prevalence of HCV infection... 

Measures of the public health importance of a disease include the absolute number of cases, the incidence rate, the prevalence (rate), the economic impact of the disease, and the prognosis and preventability of the disease.65 Contact dermatitis is the most common occupational and environmental skin disease. Epidemiologic data show that contact dermatitis comprises 90 to 95% of all occupational skin diseases. 

In 1988, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) included an Occupational Health Supplement, which included questions on dermatitis. The survey consisted of personal interviews of people in randomly selected households. For 30,074 people participating in the NHIS, the period prevalence for all forms of dermatitis was 11.2% and for contact dermatitis was 2.8%. Projecting these results to the U.S. working population resulted in an estimate of 13.7 million people with dermatitis and 3.1 million people with contact dermatitis.67... 

In the past, methamphetamine use and abuse in the United States was most prevalent in individuals who needed to remain awake and alert due to the nature of their occupations— long-haul truckers, for example—and in some fringe members of society. Today, however, it is predominantly used by white males in their 20s and 30s and is becoming more popular with teenagers at dance clubs and raves. For these reasons, methamphetamine can be considered a club drug. Methamphetamine use is also increasing among homeless people, prostitutes, and runaway youths. 

There is an important virtue in studying this model in detail beyond the fact that many real biological systems do consist of subunits, namely, we obtain an understanding of the mechanism by which information on the occupancy state of one site (i.e., on one subunit) is transmitted to the second site. We shall see in this and subsequent sections that the latter intriguing mechanism is prevalent in biochemical systems. 

Li EX, Squartsoff L, Lamm SH (2001) Prevalence of thyroid diseases in Nevada counties with respect to perchlorate in drinking water. J Occup Environ Med 43 630-634... 

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