Occupational etiology

The studies that have been carried out in 1970-80-th (Sivochalova, 1976) and also later (Odinayeva, 2002 Zaytseva, 2004) have shown various values of an index of permeability for different chemicals in contact with pregnant woman during gestation. Special research is needed in questions of infringement of reproduction processes of occupational etiology and their long term effect since they are extremely difficult in diagnostics. 

Sato A, Yamaguchi K, Nakajima T. 1986. Occupational trichloroethylene exposure as an etiological factor of Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Toxicol Lett 81(Suppl) 16-17. 

Neurological examinations of humans with M-hexanc-induced peripheral neuropathy have not shown clinical signs of central nervous system toxicity (Herskowitz et al. 1971 Yamamura 1969). There have been reports of altered evoked potentials recorded in the brain (increased latency, decreased amplitude) in humans occupationally exposed to -hexane (Mutti et al. 1982c Seppalainen et al. 1979). There has been one report of an individual occupationally exposed to -hexane for 38 years who developed Parkinsonism (Pezzoli et al. 1995), although the etiology of this case is complicated by the fact that the patient had a sister who was probably affected by Parkinsonism. Further studies, particularly prospective... 

The exclusion method also includes instances in which drug candidates are themselves excluded from causation status because a nondrug etiology is clearly demonstrable (environmental or occupational factors, radiation injury, the underlying disease of the patient, or a comorbid state) that can reasonably account for the clinicopathology findings. 

Alternative hypotheses to fibrous materials exposure for induction might well be entertained in view of the possibilities of idiopathic etiology of childhood mesothelioma, the latency of onset, difficulty of accurate diagnosis, and uncommon occurrence of mesotheliomas in occupational situations, much less in the general population except in the dusty areas of Turkey. 

Potkonjak M Pavlovich M Antimoniosis A particular form of pneumoconiosis I. Etiology, clinical and x-ray findings. IntArch Occup Environ Health 51 199-207, 1983... 

Many dietary and environmental factors have been implicated as possible etiologic factors in the development of pancreatic cancer, but no definite causal relationships have been established. The strongest evidence points to cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with pancreatic cancer (20-24). Occupational exposure to certain chemicals has also been linked to pancreatic carcinoma (25). Others in the high-risk group include stone miners, cement workers, gardeners, textile workers, and leather tanners (17,26). 

Osteoarthritis proves to be a more complex disease than autoimmune disease, with multiple variable manifestations like knee, hip, hand, DIP, elbow, shoulder, and spinal joints OA, which have different risk factors. The etiology of OA is multifactorial with inflammatory, metabolic and mechanical causes. A number of personal and environmental risk factors, such as obesity, occupation, and trauma, may initiate various pathological pathways. OA comprises degeneration of articular cartilage together with changes in subchondral bone of the joint margins and mild intraarticular inflammation. 

In a retrospective study of 148 cases of occupational eye injuries in Germany, ocular bums (not specified as chemical or other etiology) comprised 15.5% of the total [10]. In another German study of 101 patients with 131 severely burned eyes, 72.3% of the injuries were work-related, 84.2% were chemical injuries, and 79.8% of these were due to alkalis [11], Of 42 cases of alkali ocular bums admitted to a German eye clinic between 1985 and 1992, 73.8% involved industrial accidents [19]. In Finland in 1973,11.9% of all industrial accidents were ocular injuries and bums comprised 3.6% of these (chemical or other injury mechanism not specified) [12]. A 7-year retrospective Australian study of 182 industrial bums found that 5.5% were ocular bums due to chemicals, gas explosions, and electric flashes (percentages not specified) [30]. In a 4-year hospital-based study in Taiwan, of 486 patients with eye injuries, 39.9% were work-related [20]. Chemical ocular bums accounted for 19.6% of these injuries [20],... 

Wherever blood or other matrices are being collected from a sample of any population—whether for surveillance, etiologic study, or clinical evaluation—the highest standards of sampling theory should be adhered to, and the approach should be explicitly described in publications and reports so that biases may be recognized. If it is feasible, results should be expressed in terms not only of age groups, sex, and race, but also in relation to quantifiable lifestyle factors, such as occupation, income, and education. 

The Navy is well equipped to design, implement, and conduct epidemiological studies that focus on various reproductive and developmental outcomes. Such studies should include male and female military and civilian personnel as well as other populations at risk (e.g., partners of naval personnel and residents of communities affected by naval operations). Naval ships provide a unique opportunity to study a well-defined population, and one in which many confounders that affect community or occupational studies (e.g., lifestyle factors thought to affect reproductive health such as alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking) can be documented. As such, the Navy is well suited to conduct surveillance, record linkage, and etiological studies. 

Stewart, PA NCI, NIH Studies of occupational cancer—occupational exposure assessment Division of Cancer Etiology... 

Zajonz C, Frosch PJ. Ursachen von Kontakturticaria unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung von Arbeitsstoffen. [Etiology of contact urticaria with special reference to occupational substances.] Hautarzt 1994 45(2) 65-73. 

Thus, there exist a substantial number of ESRD patients whose etiology could involve a component of long-term, low level exposure to either environmental or occupational toxicants. 

In the search for a role for such exposure, the following questions need to be answered (i) does occupational/environmental exposure to a potential nephrotoxic substance play a direct etiological role in the induction of a particular renal disease, (ii) does the exposure correlate with an increased risk for the progression of renal damage already present in patients with glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive renal disease etc. (iii) dobothpossibihties have to be considered concomitantly or separately ... 

Effects of non-occupational exposure to cadmium [51], itai-itai disease in particular [52, 53], were occasionally compared with kidney damage seen in Balkan nephropathy patients. In spite of some resembhng features, the idea of a common etiology between cadmium nephropathy (including itai-itai disease) and Balkan nephropathy was refuted [52, 54]. 

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