Occupational epidemiologic

Efforts to incorporate SNP studies into environmental/occupational epidemiology investigations have focused on examining hypothesis-driven associations between exposures and specific polymorphisms. Most common human diseases such as asthma,... 

Most of the data located concerning the health effects of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in humans come from case reports and occupational epidemiology studies of workers engaged either in the manufacture or application of pesticides. There is some information on people who have consumed heptachlor-contaminated food or dairy products, but no adverse health effects have been related to these exposures. The occupational studies involve exposures that are predominantly inhalation with contributions from dermal exposure, whereas all the animal studies were conducted using oral or intraperitoneal exposures. The occupational and case reports provide no quantitation of dose or duration of exposure, which makes it impossible to determine with any precision the effect levels for humans. There are no data that indicate that heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide are carcinogenic to humans. However, human studies are limited by the long latency period of carcinogenesis and by ascertainment and follow-up biases. 

Lindbohm ML (1999) Women s reproductive health some recent developments in occupational epidemiology. Am J Ind Med, 36 18-24. 

MONSON, R.R. (1990). Occupational Epidemiology (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida). 

K. Hemminki, o. Axelsson, M-L. Niemi, and et al. Assessment of methods and results of reproductive occupational epidemiology spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of working women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 4, 1983, 293. 

K. Hemminki and H. Vainio. Occupational epidemiology and reproduction. In Recent Advances in Occupation Health, ed. by J.M. Harrington. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1984, p. 117. 

Hayes RB. 1988. Review of occupational epidemiology of chromium chemicals and respiratory cancer. Sci Total Environ 71 331-339. 

Pastides H, Austin R, Lemeshow S, et al. 1991. An epidemiologic study of Occidental Chemical Corporation s Castle Hayne chromate production facility. Occupational Epidemiology Unit, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health. 

Mixture of concern. Mixture assessments based on data on the mixture of concern include direct testing of the environmental mixture itself or its concentrate, or evaluating fractions or single components of the whole mixture. When occupational, epidemiological, or bioassay data are available on the mixture of concern, a toxicological reference value, such as a reference dose (RfD),1 reference concentration (RfC),2 or cancer slope factor,3 can be determined for the whole mixture using similar... 

Benzene can induce leukemia. The leukemogenic potential of benzene for humans has been estimated from data from three separate occupational epidemiological studies and their analyses (Bond et al. 1986b Infante 1977 Ott et al. 1978 Paxton et al. 1994a, 1994b Rinsky et al. 1981, 1987 Wong et al. 1983). Additional studies of workers in China may be found in the literature (Li et al. 1994 Travis et al. 1994 ... 

Anonymous. 2004. Osmium tetroxide. Division of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology information for the public. 

Checkoway, H., N.E. Pearce and D.J. Crawford-Brown (1989). Research Methods in Occupational Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York. 

Constantini AS, Miligi L, Kriebel D, et al. A multicenter case-control study in Italy on hematolymphopoietic neoplasms and occupation. Epidemiology 2001 12(1) 78 87. 

Checkoway, H., and Rice, C. H. (1992). Time-weighted averages, peaks, and other indices of exposure in occupation epidemiology. Am J Ind Med 21, 25-33. 

Seixas, N. S., and Checkoway, H. (1995). Exposure assessment in industry specific retrospective occupational epidemiology studies. Occup Environ Med 52, 625-633. 

Interpretation of Data Interpretation of results in relation to problem/objectives, consideration of ecochemical, ecological, oceanographical, ecotoxicological, toxicological, occupational, epidemiological, clinical, medical parameters, drawing relevant conclusions, presentation of results... 

Although occupational epidemiology officially goes back to 1775, when an English physician named Percival Pott observed an unusually large occurrence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps, most of the methods currently employed in occupational studies have been developed in the past twenty years. 

Industrial Hygienists. Environmental monitoring measurement data constitute a major component of an occupational epidemiology study. It is essential to know the amount of pesticide the employees are currently exposed to as well as their historical exposures so that medical findings can be examined in relation to the work environment. 

Reviewing published occupational epidemiological literature directly pertinent to the interrelations among silica exposure, silicosis, and lung cancer, Checkoway and Franzblau (2000) think that until more conclusive epidemiological findings become available, population-based or individually-based assessments should treat silicosis and lung cancer as distinct entities whose cause/effect relations are not necessary linked. 

The definitive method for Pb quantification in biological media, and notably whole blood, is IDMS. IDMS accuracy traces to the fact all analytical manipulations are on a weight basis and entail simple procedures (NAS/NRC, 1993 U.S. EPA, 1986). There are essentially two reference methods, both validated with IDMS and in widespread use for routine measurements in environmental and occupational epidemiology and clinical applications (NAS/NRC, 1993 U.S. EPA, 2006). These are a spectroscopic method, graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GE-AAS), and an electrochemical approach, ASV. Both ASV and GE-AAS demonstrate the requisite track record in terms of accuracy, precision, time requirements, and cost-effectiveness for routine but reliable methodology (Flegal and Smith, 1995 NAS/NRC, 1993). ICP-MS can also be viewed as a reference method for those analytical settings where costs for operator expertise, instrumentation, and procedures are not critical, such as academic research laboratories. 

Restricting women of childbearing age from the lead industry workforce for most of the twentieth century because of concerns about fetal exposures and toxic hazards to prenatal populations clearly reduced the prevalence and incidence of reproductive and developmental toxicity. Paternal exposures to lead in terms of reproductive competence indices has continued, based on occupational epidemiology data from several databases. 

Taskinen, H., 1988. Spontaneous abortions among women occupationally exposed to lead. In Hogstedt, C., Reuterwall, C. (Eds.), Progress in Occupational Epidemiology. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, pp. 197—200. 

Recent studies of Pb-associated immunotoxicity in experimental animals have been quite helpful in elucidating the relevance of developmental periods and other host factors on the expression of immunotoxicity and also helpful in revealing the full range of immunological responses not readily accessible in available pediatric or occupational epidemiological efforts. Selected reports across test species are summarized in Table 18.6. 

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