Occupational epidemiological studies

Most of the data located concerning the health effects of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in humans come from case reports and occupational epidemiology studies of workers engaged either in the manufacture or application of pesticides. There is some information on people who have consumed heptachlor-contaminated food or dairy products, but no adverse health effects have been related to these exposures. The occupational studies involve exposures that are predominantly inhalation with contributions from dermal exposure, whereas all the animal studies were conducted using oral or intraperitoneal exposures. The occupational and case reports provide no quantitation of dose or duration of exposure, which makes it impossible to determine with any precision the effect levels for humans. There are no data that indicate that heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide are carcinogenic to humans. However, human studies are limited by the long latency period of carcinogenesis and by ascertainment and follow-up biases. 

Benzene can induce leukemia. The leukemogenic potential of benzene for humans has been estimated from data from three separate occupational epidemiological studies and their analyses (Bond et al. 1986b Infante 1977 Ott et al. 1978 Paxton et al. 1994a, 1994b Rinsky et al. 1981, 1987 Wong et al. 1983). Additional studies of workers in China may be found in the literature (Li et al. 1994 Travis et al. 1994 ... 

Seixas, N. S., and Checkoway, H. (1995). Exposure assessment in industry specific retrospective occupational epidemiology studies. Occup Environ Med 52, 625-633. 

Industrial Hygienists. Environmental monitoring measurement data constitute a major component of an occupational epidemiology study. It is essential to know the amount of pesticide the employees are currently exposed to as well as their historical exposures so that medical findings can be examined in relation to the work environment. 

J. C. Contassot and co-workers, "Epidemiological Study of Cancer Morbidity Among Workers Exposed to Hydrazine," poster presented at the XXII International Congress on Occupational Health, in Sydney, AustraUa, Sept.—Oct., 1987. 

Bipolar disorders have been categorized into bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and bipolar disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS). Bipolar I disorder is characterized by one or more manic or mixed mood episodes. Bipolar II disorder is characterized by one or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode. Hypomania is an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, but not of sufficient severity to cause significant impairment in social or occupational function and does not require hospitalization. Most epidemiologic studies have looked at bipolar disorder of all types (bipolar I and bipolar II), or the bipolar spectrum, which includes all clinical conditions thought to be closely related to bipolar disorder. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder is estimated to be between 0.3% and 2.4%. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar II disorder ranges from 0.2% to 5%. When including the bipolar spectrum, the lifetime prevalence is between 3% and 6.5%.1... 

Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids. No human studies for polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids were located. Polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids are used in U.S. military aircraft hydraulic systems thus, there is a potential for occupational exposure. Animal studies were insufficient for determining the primary targets of toxicity. Epidemiology studies examining a number of end points would be useful for identifying targets of toxicity. 

Vanhoome M, de Rouck A, de Bacquer D. 1995. Epidemiological study of eye irritation by hydrogen sulphide and/or carbon disulphide exposure in viscose rayon workers. Ann Occup Hyg 39 307-315. 

Epidemiologic study of neurobehavioral National Institute for effects due to neurotoxicant exposure Occupational Safety and... 

In a review of data on occupational chemicals that may contaminate breast milk (Byczkowski et al. 1994), it is stated that lead may be excreted in milk in amounts lethal to the infant and that the metal may be mobilized from bone stores to milk during the lactation period. Even when the concentration of lead in mother s milk is low, the absorption of metals into the systemic circulation of infants is generally high when they are on a milk diet. To better understand the sensitivity of the nursing infant to chemicals, epidemiological studies, chemical monitoring, and model development and application are needed. 

Parkinson DK, Ryan C, Bormet J, et al. 1986. A psychiatric epidemiologic study of occupational lead... 

A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between lung cancer and occupational exposure to acrylonitrile (Collins et al. 1989 Delzell and Monson 1982 Kiesselbach et al. 1979 O Berg 1980 O Berg et al. 1985). Flowever, many of the studies suffer from deficiencies such as an insufficient quantification of exposure, short follow-up, small and relatively youthful cohorts or lack of consideration of the effects of smoking, and the results of the studies are often inconsistent. 

Nati onal Cancer concerning Insti tute Case control epidemiology study occupational exposure and cancer risk in Turkey in workers exposed between 1978 and 1984 ... 

O Berg MT. 1980. Epidemiologic study of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. J Occup Med 22 245-252. 

Efforts to incorporate SNP studies into environmental/occupational epidemiology investigations have focused on examining hypothesis-driven associations between exposures and specific polymorphisms. Most common human diseases such as asthma,... 

Recent (1990-2005) Epidemiologic Studies of Occupational Silica Exposure and Risk of Autoimmune Diseases... 

Cancer. There is currently little information on the carcinogenic potential of -hexane. No epidemiological studies were located addressing whether there is or is not an association between occupational -hexanc exposure and cancer. In a chronic-duration study in B6C3Fj mice (50/sex/group) with exposure to commercial hexane (51.5% w-hcxanc) for 6 hours/day, 5 days a week for 2 years, a... 

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