Occupational chemical

Bello S, Halton DM. 1985. Occupational chemical exposures and the heart. Hamilton, Ontario Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. CCOHS Publication No. P85-5E. NIOSH-00175455. 

In a review of data on occupational chemicals that may contaminate breast milk (Byczkowski et al. 1994), it is stated that lead may be excreted in milk in amounts lethal to the infant and that the metal may be mobilized from bone stores to milk during the lactation period. Even when the concentration of lead in mother s milk is low, the absorption of metals into the systemic circulation of infants is generally high when they are on a milk diet. To better understand the sensitivity of the nursing infant to chemicals, epidemiological studies, chemical monitoring, and model development and application are needed. 

Dearman, R J. et al., Differential ability of occupational chemical contact and respiratory allergens to cause immediate and delayed dermal hypersensitivity reactions in mice. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 97, 315, 1992. 

Many chemicals (including pharmaceuticals but also environmental and occupational chemicals) are known to stimulate the immune system in a way that autoimmune diseases occur [61]. However, because of its multifactorial nature, the occurrence of autoimmune-like (including drug allergic) diseases is rare if considered on a compound-by-compound base. But, in some cases (e.g., in case of HIV or Herpes virus-infected individuals), adverse reactions occur at a higher rate [65, 66]. 

K., Enomoto, M. Sakabe, H. (1994) Two-year toxicological and carcinogenesis studies of 1, 4-dioxane in F344 rats and BDFl mice. Drinking studies. Proceedings on the Second Asia-Pacific Symposium on Environmental and Occupational Health, Environmental and Occupational Chemical Hazards (2), Kobe University, pp. 193-198... 

Carcinogen exposure is largely due to lifestyle, such as cigarette smoking, but occupation is an important source of exposure to carcinogens. Table 4.4 lists some occupational chemical hazards and the cancers associated with them. 

Hemminki et al. (ref. 19) have edited the book "Occupational Hazards and Reproduction", containing pertinent chapters on experimental teratogenicity and embryotoxlcity of occupational chemicals, prediction and detection of teratogenicity, occupational exposure to chemicals among women—implications for reproduction, fertility outcome in some Swedish groups occupationally exposed to chemicals, congenital malformation surveillance system in Finland, etc. 

K. Hemminki. M. Sorsa and H. Vainio, Genetic risks caused by occupational chemicals, scand. J. Nork Environ. Health 5. 

Previous studies of occupational exposure limits have shown that there are large and unsystematic differences between decisions made for different chemicals with similar adverse health effects (Hansson 1997 Hansson and Ruden 2006). Case studies concerning certain areas of occupation (Haber and Maier 2002, Bigelow et al. 2004) or certain chemicals (Taylor et al. 2007, Cunningham et al. 1998) confirm that there are national differences in risk assessment and management of occupational chemical exposure. 

Bal, R. (1998) Boundary Dynamics in Dutch Standard Setting for Occupational Chemicals. In R. Bal and W. Halffman (Eds.), The politics of chemical risk scenarios for a regulatory future (pp. 75-103). Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

Proctor and Hughes Chemical Hazards of the Workplace (Hathaway et al. 1996) is a standard reference that provides summaries of the toxicity of more than 500 frequently encountered occupational chemicals. Each summary includes American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values (when available) a statement describing physical properties, uses, and usual routes of exposure and selected literature citations. Brief descriptions of the clinical effects of toxic exposure are given along with the doses at which the effects have been observed. Emphasis is placed on data obtained from human studies. 

An evaluation of occupational chemical exposure, histological subtype, and cytogenetics was conducted on case studies of newly diagnosed AML or CML, or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) treated in the Main Hospital of Torino, Northern Italy, between October 1, 1989 and December 31, 1990 (Ciccone et al. 1993). There was a nonstatistically significant increased relative risk for exposure to benzene. Data show 3 AML, 2 CML, and 4 MDS cases with regard to benzene exposures. No excess of clonal chromosome abnormalities was detected among occupationally exposed AML patients. 

Types of substances (pharmaceuticals, occupational chemicals, or environmental pollutants)... 

Neurotoxicity is an important adverse health effect not only of hundreds of environmental contaminants and occupational chemicals but also of several pharmaceutical drugs. Indeed, several drugs are known to induce neurological complications such as cognitive impairment, cerebellar syndromes, or neuromuscular disorders.5-56 Most chemotherapeutic drugs induce neuropathies,57 while a wide array of pharmaceuticals have been associated with headaches.58... 

Stock JK, Priestly BG. 1986. Urinary thioether output as an index of occupational chemical exposure in petroleum retailers. Br J Ind Med 43 718- 720. 

Virtually all of these occupations entail exposure to mixtures of chemicals with the carcinogenic agent(s) unidentified. Indeed, it is the mixtures, and not any particular components of them, that are cancer causing. Examples of carcinogenic mixtures of occupational chemicals are given in the next section. 

Inoue Y, Saijoh K, Katsuyama H, et al. 1988. Effects of heavy metal cations on second messenger systems in the brains of mice. In Sumino K, ed. Environmental and Occupational Chemical Hazards,... 

Davis LE, Wands JR, Weiss SA, et al Central nervous system intoxication from mercurous chloride laxatives. Arch Neurol 30 428-431,1974 Dembert ML Occupational chemical exposures and psychiatric disorders. Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry 9 57-69, 1991... 

Eller N, Netterstrom B, Laursen P Risk of chronic effects on the central nervous system at low toluene exposure. Occup Med 49 389-395, 1999 Foo SC, Jeyaratnam J, Koh D Chronic neurobehavioral effects of toluene. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47 480-484, 1990 Foo SC, Ngim CH, Salleh I, et al Neurobehavioral effects in occupational chemical exposure. Environ Res 60 267-273, 1993... 

Dembert ML Occupational chemical exposures and psychiatric disorders. Jefferson Journal of Psychiatry 9 57-69, 1991... 

This Center run by Richard Moriarity is probably the best single source of information for the emergency treatment of consumer and occupational chemical exposure. Operated by physicians, nm-ses and pharmacists 24 hotirs a day, every single day of the year, it is available instantly by phone. The Center will accept trade secret data on a confidential basis to be used only in case of a medical emergency. The true chemical identity of one s product will only be released to a physician who is treating a medical emergency. The cost for this service is very modest. 

As can be appreciated from this overview of the structure and function of skin, it is important to understand the basic aspects of skin anatomy and physiology to interpret the effects of exposure to occupational chemicals (solvents, corrosives, or... 

There are many variables involved in the risk assessmmt of enviromnental and occupational chemicals such as pesticides. In an occupational setting, for example, dermal exposure to pesticides often occurs whrai the pesticide is presrait in a formulation, which may contain other potentially harmful materials and will certairdy contain materials that can affect the barrier function of the skin (Rivirae et al., 2(X)1 chapter 14, this volume). Molecular size of the permeant can play a significant role... 

EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH OCCUPATIONAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE... 

TABLE IV-4. HEALTH HAZARD SUMMARIES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHEMICALS (Originally conceived and compiled by Frank J. MycrofI, MPH, PhD)... 

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