Cancer Nutrition

C. J. Kensler2 55 Arthur D. Little, Inc. Sr. Vice President in Charge, Life Sciences Div. Pharmacology, Biochemistry Nutrition cancer tissue metabolism mode of action of carcinogenic agents industrial toxicology... 

ScHRAUZER GN (1984) Selenium in nutritional cancer prophylaxis. In Prasad K, ed. Nutrition and Cancer, pp. 240-250. S Karger, Basel. 

Jenab, M., Ferrari, P, Slimani, N., et al.. Association of nut and seed intake with colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 13, 1595-1603, 2004. 

Chen, Z., Zheng, W., Custer, L.J., Dai, Q., Shu, X.O., Jin, F. Franke, A.A. (1999). Usual dietary consumption of soy foods and its correlation wiUi Uie excretion rate of isoflavonoids in overnight urine samples among Chinese women in Shan ai. Nutrition Cancer, 33, 82-87. 

R. J. Shamberger, Nutrition and Cancer, Plenum Press, New York, 1984. 

L-Fohc acid is available as a crystalline dihydrate containing 8% water. Approximately 80% of the commercial production is consumed for feed enrichment in animal nutrition. FoHc acid is being offered by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic and prophylactic use (see Pharmaceuticals). Pharmacological doses of fohc acid are commonly used as a rescue dose during cancer chemotherapy, in women using oral contraceptives, and alcohoHcs. Several studies have provided evidence that multivitamins or foHc acid (0.8—4 mg/day) supplementation prevent the majority of neural tube defects (101). 

The isothiazole ring does not occur in nature. By far the most important synthetic isothiazole derivative is saccharin. This was the first non-carbohydrate sweetening agent to be discovered, as long ago as 1879. It is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose, and is still used in many countries as a non-nutritive sweetener. After it was found that administration of massive doses to rats caused bladder cancer, its use was banned in the New World, but the controversy continues as to whether there is any danger when it is used in small quantity. Saccharin is also used as an additive in electroplating processes (73AHC(15)233). 

IM BALANCED NUTRITION. When a narcotic is prescribed for a prolonged time, anorexia (loss of appetite) may occur. Those receiving a narcotic for the relief of pain caused by terminal cancer often have severe anorexia from the disease and the narcotic. The nurse assesses food intake after each meal. When anorexia is prolonged, tiie nurse weighs the patient weekly or as... 

One major prerequisite for the maintenance of health is that there be optimal dietary intake of a number of chemicals the chief of these are vitamins, certain amino acids, certain fatty acids, various minerals, and water. Because much of the subject matter of both biochemistry and nutrition is concerned with the smdy of various aspects of these chemicals, there is a close relationship between these two sciences. Moreover, more emphasis is being placed on systematic attempts to maintain health and forestall disease, ie, on preventive medicine. Thus, nutritional approaches to—for example—the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer are receiving increased emphasis. Understanding nutrition depends to a great extent on a knowledge of biochemistry. 

HU G, HAN c and chen j (1995) Inhibition of oncogene expression by green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in mice Nutrition and Cancer 24, 203-9. 

The epidemiological evidence suggests that diet is a significant factor in the development of cancer. In their classic epidemiological study, Doll and Peto (1981) estimated that diet was responsible for as many as 35% of cancers in the West. An encyclopaedic report on nutrition and cancer by the World Cancer Research Fund (1997) has confirmed the central importance of diet as a major determinant of many forms of cancer across the globe. The interactions between diet and the biological processes leading to the... 

Cancer sites CNERNA (France 1996) World Cancer Research Fimd (USA 1997) COMA Food and Nutrition Policy (UK 1998)... 

RIBOLI E and NORAT T (2001) Cancer prevention and diet opportunities in Europe , Public Health Nutrition, 4, 475-84. 

World Cancer Research Fund (1997) Colon, tecXma ,Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer A Global Perspective, 216-51, Washington DC, American Institute for Cancer Research. 

ZEIGLER R G, MAYNE s T and SWANSON c A (1996) Nutrition and limg cancer . Cancer Causes Controls, 7, 157. 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1998) Nutritional Aspects of the Development of Cancer, London, HMSO. 

ASTLEY s B, ELLIOTT R M, ARCHER D B and souTHON s (2002) Increased cellular carotenoid levels reduce the persistance of DNA single strand breaks following oxidative chaUange. Nutrition and Cancer. In press. 

In order to get recent advances on the effects of phytoestrogens on hormonal-dependent diseases as well as on human supplementation trials, it might be useful to refer to http //www.venus-ca.org/ (EU-funded project on dietary exposure to phytoestrogens and related compounds and effects on skeletal tissues) http //www.phytos.org (EU-funded project on the prevention of osteoporosis by nutritional phytoestrogens) http //www.phytoprevent.org (EU-funded project on the role of phytoestrogens in the prevention of breast and prostate cancer) and http //www.nutrition.tum.de/isoheart.htm (EU-funded project on cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women). 

VERKASALO P K, APPLEBY P N, ALLEN N E, DAVEY G, ADLERCREUTZ H AND KEY T J (2001) Soya intake and plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein validity of dietary assessment among eighty British women (Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). 7 86 (3) 415-21. 

WORLD CANCER RESEARCH FUND (1997) Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer a global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington DC, USA. 

Phytochemicals have little nutritional value and do not get absorbed in the body, but they seem to turn on certain switches in the biochemical mechanisms, which signal the beneficial pathways to maintain health, and to turn off the switches which proceed to adverse biochemical pathways. Rice bran products have demonstrated significant benefits as nutritional therapies in diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cancer, fatty liver, hypercalcuria and heart disease. There is experimental and clinical evidence for the beneficial health effects of the following bioactives of rice bran ... 

Myo-inositol is one of the most biologically active forms of inositol. It exists in several isomeric forms, the most common being the constituent of phospholipids in biological cell membranes. It also occurs as free inositol and as inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) also known as phytate which is a major source from food. Rice bran is one of the richest sources of IP6 as well as free inositol. Inositol is considered to belong to the B-complex vitamins. It is released in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals by the dephosphorylation of IP6 (phytate) by the intestinal enzyme phytase. Phytase also releases intermediate products as inositol triphosphate and inositol pentaphosphate. Inositol triphosphate in cellular membrane functions as an important intra- and intercellular messenger, that merits its value as a nutritional therapy for cancer. 

MCINTOSH G H (2001) Cereal foods, fibers and the prevention of cancers. Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 58 Suppl. 2 S35-S48. 

Carter, O., Bailey, G.S., and Dashwood, R.H., The dietary phytochemical chlorophyllin alters E-cadherin and P-catenin expression in human colon cancer cells International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer, J. Nutr., 134,3441S, 2004. 

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