Explosives nuclear

Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility. 

Photochromic lenses for eyewear serve as variable density optical filters. Other appHcations for photochromic light filters have been proposed including gla2ing appHcations for solar attenuation, variable transmission camera lenses, and shields for protection against the light flash from a nuclear explosion. 

Numerical Work. The results of experiments described above can be better understood when compared to the results of numerical and analytical studies. Numerical studies, in particular, provide real insight into the shock formation process. Chushkin and Shurshalov (1982) and Adamczyk (1976) provide comprehensive reviews of the many studies in this field. The majority of these studies were performed for military purposes and dealt with blast from nuclear explosions, high explosives, or... 

Table 6.10 presents some damage effects. It may give the impression that damage is related only to a blast wave s peak overpressure, but this is not the case. For certain types of structures, impulse and dynamic pressure (wind force), rather than overpressure, determine the extent of damage. Table 6.10 was prepared for blast waves of nuclear explosions, and generally provides conservative predictions for other types of explosions. More information on the damage caused by blast waves can be found in Appendix B. 

Kem-umwandlung, /. nuclear transformation, transmutation, -verknlipfung,/. linkage to a nucleus, -verschmelzimg, /. nuclear fusion, -weehselwirkung, /. nuclear interaction, -werkstoff, m. core material. -woUe,/. prime wool, -zahl, /. number of nuclei, -zelle, /. nuclear cell, -zerfall, m. nuclear disintegration. -zerplatzen, n. nuclear explosion or disintegration. 

Nuclear reactors, however, do generate highly radioactive waste. This waste, which consists primarily of the fission fragments and their radioactive-decay products, must be stored for many years before its radioactivity decays to a reasonable level, and the safe long-term storage of this waste is a matter of great concern and debate. Fortunately, the volume of waste that is created is only about 20 cubic meters annually from a reactor, compared with 200,000 cubic meters of waste ash from a coal-fired plant. When nuclear weapions were tested in the atmosphere, the radioactive products from the nuclear explosions were released into the air and fell to Earth as radioactive fallout. 

Nuclear Explosion , McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol 9, McGraw Hill, NY (1971), 203-07 12) E. Luttwak,... 

Atomic Demolition Munitions , National Defense LIX, (330) (May-June 1975), 467—70 15) Anon, A Selected, Annotated Bibliography of the Civil, Industrial, and Scientific Uses For Nuclear Explosions , TID-3522-R9-53, Energy Res Development Adm (July 1975)... 

When the Plutonium Project was established early in 1942, for the purpose of producing plutonium via the nuclear chain reaction in uranium in sufficient quantities for its use as a nuclear explosive, we were given the challenge of developing a chemical method for separating and isolating it from the uranium and fission products. We had already conceived the principle of the oxidation-reduction cycle, which became the basis for such a separations process. This principle applied to any process involving the use of a substance which carried plutonium in one of its oxidation states but not in another. By use of this... 

Except for large scale accidental releases (e.g. nuclear explosions or catastrophic accidents at nuclear plants), water will be the main transport medium of plutonium to man. Therefore the size and location of plutonium sources, its pathways to man and its behaviour in natural waters are essential knowledge required for the evaluation of its ecological impact. That information, combined with radiological health standards, allows an assessment of the overall risk to the public from plutonium e.g. from a waste repository for spent unreprocessed reactor fuel elements in deep granite bedrock (8, 9). ... 

The nuclear explosions that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed 100,000 to 200,000 people instantaneously. Probably an equal number died later, victims of the radiation released in those explosions. Millions of people were exposed to the radioactivity released by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The full health effects of that accident may never be known, but 31 people died of radiation sickness within a few weeks of the accident, and more than 2000 people have developed thyroid cancer through exposure to radioactive iodine released in the accident. Even low levels of radiation can cause health problems. For this reason, workers in facilities that use radioisotopes monitor their exposure to radiation continually, and they must be rotated to other duties if their total exposure exceeds prescribed levels. 

R. L. Braun, R. A. Hard, I. V. Klumpar and L. J. Petrovic, Insitu Leaching of a Copper Deposit Broken Down by PNE, Proceed, of a Technical Committee, Vienna, 20-24 Jan., 1975, Peaceful Nuclear Explosions IV, IAEA, Vienna, 1975. 

Information is available on the levels of241 Am in soil and sediment in areas affected only by global fallout, at DOE installations and other nuclear facilities, as well as sites of nuclear explosions and accidents (Alberts et al. 1989 Bennett 1979 Cooper et al. 1994 DOE 1980 Pattenden and McKay 1994 Robison et al. 1997a, 1997b Sanchez et al. 1996). 241Am levels in soil around nuclear power plants in the United States were indistinguishable from fallout background (EPRI 1981). 

The danger that nuclear explosives may be used by waning nations or terrorists. 

Shock waves can be natural in origin, for example, lightning, volcanic explosions or meteorite impacts. But human activity can also generate shock waves, for example in chemical or nuclear explosions. On the positive side, shock waves can reduce human suffering when used in shock wave lithotripsy (a method for fragmentation of kidney stones and gallstones). 

This reaction scheme applies to the cases of a nuclear explosion, non-cyclic, and of increase in cell population and disease, which may appear to be expanding reaction patterns, but are also self-limiting (see Eigen in Further Reading). We also draw attention to autopoietic systems described by Bitbol and Luisi in Further Reading. 

Crawford, T. V. (1970). Diffusion and deposition of the Schooner clouds, page 381 in Engineering with Nuclear Explosives, Report No. CONF-700101, Vol. 1 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

Mills, H. L. and Shields, L. M. (1961). Root absorption of fission products by Bromus Rubess, L. from the AEC Nevada Test Site soil contaminated by an underground nuclear explosion, Radiat. Bot. 1, 84. 

Toman, J. (1970). Results of cratering experiments, page 315 in Peaceful Nuclear Explosions, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/273 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

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