Nomenclature historical development

Carb-O. Historical development of carbohydrate nomenclature 0.1. Early approaches 0.2. The contribution of Emil Fischer 0.3. Cyclic forms 0.4. Nomenclature commissions 2-Carb-l. Definitions and conventions... 

Carb-0. Historical development of carbohydrate nomenclature [15] 2-Carb-O.l. Early approaches... 

In the literature of PVA biodegradation, the orientation with respect to the enzymatic activities that are described is not clear-cut and sometimes even perplexing. This originates in the historical development of the field that gave rise to the nomenclature used today. Table 2 aims to give a clear denomination of the enzymes that are directly involved in the biodegradation of PVA, and that are cited in the literature so far. As an unambiguous denomination for enzyme activity, the Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is used. Every EC number is... 

For a variety of reasons, it is often necessary to define a feedstock in terms of its physical composition (ASTM, 1995). Furthermore, the physical composition of heavy oils and residua vary markedly with the method of isolation or separation, thereby leading to further complications in the choice of suitable processing schemes for these feedstocks (Speight, 1999 and references cited therein). However, in the simplest sense, petroleum and heavy feedstocks can be considered to be composites of four major fractions (Figure 3-8). The nomenclature of these fractions lies within the historical development of petroleum science and that the fraction names are operational and are related more to the general characteristics than to the identification of specific compound types. Nevertheless,... 

The historically developed nomenclature of the compounds classified as the bornane group in this report contributes much more confusion to the terpene literature than the common tetpene names of the compounds belonging to the thujane, carane, and pinane groups. Campbane (Formula 75, Chart 13) is a logical name for the saturated parent hydrocarbon of camphor, which differs from this parent only in that it has an oxo group instead of two hydrogens attached to ring carbon No. 2. 

These two isomers, each of which has C2H60 as its empirical formula, are structural isomers, not stereoisomers. Care must be taken that the historically evolved choice of terms does not create confusion Structural isomers have different structural formulas. It is the stereoisomers that have the same structural formula. The class of steroisomers will be further subdivided as the details of the nomenclature are developed. A flowchart characterizing the different types of isomers is given in [48],... 

Because the objective of this treatise is to form a uniform nomenclature that spans all of chemistry, many of the starting premises that are the foundation of the disparate subdivisions of chemistry have been re-examined. These premises were mainly of a historical, rather than a rational, origin, and, in many instances have been shown to be inconsistent. In their place, choices have been made with a global, rather than a local, and with an analytic, rather than a synthetic, approach in mind. Beginning with the selection in Chapter 1 of a "primary path", the nomenclature being developed eliminates ... 

Based on historical development, different, sometimes inconsistent, nomenclatures were used to assign enzymes that lead to the degradation of OPs. Meanwhile, the... 

It is not the function of this chapter to trace the development of chemical nomenclature in detail this has already been done by Croeland in a very readable book [11], where references to the literature can be found. But it is useful to highli t here some important historical developments. 

Flexible macromolecules were identified in Fig. 1.6 within the framework of all possible molecules, and the historical development of the science of the field was sketched. The present topic is nomenclature. Without mastery of the basic nomenclature it is difficult to talk about any new subject matter, much less is it possible to learn its intricacies. For this reason, one must go through the dmdgery of learning the needed names and mles by rote. Without such drill, fumre discussions will have to be at a much lower level. When discussing macromolecules, their name and their stmcture must be in ones mind in order to understand their behavior. Only then, for example, can there be a link between the question of flexibility, reaction mechanisms, and crystallization to the bonds and atoms that are affected. 

Because aromatic chemistry developed in a haphazard fashion many years before systematic methods of nomenclature were developed, common names have acquired historic respectability and are accepted by lUPAC. Examples include ... 

Wiswesser line notation [46-48] is another important historical development in chemical notation that offered useful service in early searches for chemical compounds. More recent developments were more mathematical, based on suitable modifications of graph theoretical concepts. In the case of structurally related molecules, simple nomenclatures have been developed for benzenoid hydrocarbons by Balaban based on the concept of inner duals. In this approach, benzene rings are represented by single vertices that are connected if benzene rings have a common CC bond [26,49], Balaban and Schleyer extended the dualist graph principle to polymantane, which is bnilt from adamantane units superimposed on a diamond lattice [50,51]. 

This chapter reviews the historical development of metal 7c-complex chemistry and offers an introduction to and examples of the classification and nomenclature encountered throughout the text. 

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

A historical account of the development of organic nomenclature from the time preceding the Geneva Conference to faidy recent times is available... 

The fact that several representations are possible automatically necessitates the development of rules which would allow a researcher to decide upon a preferred representation. To this end, lUPAC has developed an elaborate rules-based system using the seniority of subunits , the direction of citation, etc. [65]. However, rules-based systems are subject to the same limitations as nomenclature systems in that they, too, suffer from (potential) historical discontinuities and require acceptance by a broad community. 

The kinetic modeling nomenclature arises from the incorporation of chemical kinetic submodels in EKMA. The empirical term comes from the use of observed 03 peaks in combination with the model-predicted ozone isopleths to develop control strategy options. Thus, the approach historically was to use the model to develop a series of ozone isopleths using conditions specific for that area. The second highest hourly observed 03 concentration and the measured... 

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