Nomenclature Fundamentals

Currently the best book available is Fox, R. B and Powell, W. H Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. New York (ACS/OUP, 2001). 

This and the following chapters are intended as a quick reference guide, and should not replace the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) publications for definitive guidance nor the CAS 2007 documentation for a full description of the current CAS nomenclature system. 

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While developing the connections between structure reaction and mechanism we will also extend the fundamentals of lUPAC nomenclature to functional group families beginning with alcohols and alkyl halides... 

Substitution (see Seetion 1.02.9.1.1) is the formal proeedure most widely applied in modifying parent names. Indeed, the general term substitutive nomenclature is often used to describe the system of nomenclature in which substitution is the main operation. A fundamental concept of this system is that of the principal characteristic group . 

After such a revolution (in Kuhn s nomenclature), a period starts that he calls normal science . This means that the relevant field of science develops in a logical way by verification and falsification processes, but without fundamentally new discoveries. Kuhn showed that periods of normal science are based on paradigms. In classical Greek 7iapa5 vyna means a model, a shining example, but also admonition in the sense of a warning example. In science a paradigm may isolate a branch of science from new or potential developments. 

The purpose of this monograph, the first to be dedicated exclusively to the analytics of additives in polymers, is to evaluate critically the extensive problemsolving experience in the polymer industry. Although this book is not intended to be a treatise on modem analytical tools in general or on polymer analysis en large, an outline of the principles and characteristics of relevant instrumental techniques (without hands-on details) was deemed necessary to clarify the current state-of-the-art of the analysis of additives in polymers and to accustom the reader to the unavoidable professional nomenclature. The book, which provides an in-depth overview of additive analysis by focusing on a wide array of applications in R D, production, quality control and technical service, reflects the recent explosive development of the field. Rather than being a compendium, cookery book or laboratory manual for qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of specific additives in a variety of commercial polymers, with no limits to impractical academic exoticism (analysis for its own sake), the book focuses on the fundamental characteristics of the arsenal of techniques utilised industrially in direct relation... 

The host of new synthetic organic pesticides presents a variety of problems to the practicing physician because of the lack of basic fundamental information on these chemicals. The American Medical Association has organized a committee on pesticides to consider the following problems of economic poisons and to coordinate information and make it available to physicians and other interested persons or groups safe standards of use, development of prophylactic and antidotal measures, voluntary industry controls, standardization of nomenclature, and professional and public education. 

Radiation absorbed dose (rad) Radiation-induced damage to biological tissue results from the absorption of energy in or around the tissue. The amount of energy absorbed in a given volume of tissue is related to the types and numbers of radiations and the interactions between radiations and tissue atoms and molecules. The fundamental unit of the radiation absorbed dose is the rad 1 rad = 100 erg (absorbed)/g material. In the latest nomenclature, 100 rad = 1 gray (Gy). 

In view of this background, it is the aim of this chapter to organize the fundamentals of radical additions to 1,2-dienes and to present its state of the art in organic synthesis. All aspects of enyne allene cyclizations [19, 20] have been omitted since this topic is addressed in Chapter 20. In order to simplify the mechanistic discussion, the positions and Jt-bonds of allenes have been consistently numbered using the nomenclature outlined in Figure 11.1. 

Another characteristic point is the special attention that in intermetallic science, as in several fields of chemistry, needs to be dedicated to the structural aspects and to the description of the phases. The structure of intermetallic alloys in their different states, liquid, amorphous (glassy), quasi-crystalline and fully, three-dimensionally (3D) periodic crystalline are closely related to the different properties shown by these substances. Two chapters are therefore dedicated to selected aspects of intermetallic structural chemistry. Particular attention is dedicated to the solid state, in which a very large variety of properties and structures can be found. Solid intermetallic phases, generally non-molecular by nature, are characterized by their 3D crystal (or quasicrystal) structure. A great many crystal structures (often complex or very complex) have been elucidated, and intermetallic crystallochemistry is a fundamental topic of reference. A great number of papers have been published containing results obtained by powder and single crystal X-ray diffractometry and by neutron and electron diffraction methods. A characteristic nomenclature and several symbols and representations have been developed for the description, classification and identification of these phases. 

In the previous paragraphs a brief account has been given of the fundamental aspects of the crystallographic description of the structures and structure types of solid phases. A number of symbols and names have been defined and their application to intermetallic compounds exemplified. It must, however, be underlined that both for historical reasons and for the need to improve classification and interpretation of the structural characteristics of intermetallic phases, other symbols and nomenclature criteria have been invented. Some of them have a mathematical basis, others are more colloquial. A selection of these criteria will be given in the following. 

IUPAC Tentative Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. Section E. Fundamental Stereochemistry. J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 2849. 

The fundamental principles and the basic rules of the structure-based nomenclature are given first, accompanied by detailed extensions and applications. An Appendix contains names of common subunits as well as a list of acceptable source-based names, along with the corresponding structure-based names, of common polymers. There is no strong preference for the use of structure-based names over source-based names for polymers where the latter are clear and unambiguous, but for certain purposes one system of naming may be preferred to the other. 

The rules of structure-based nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers are of fundamental importance in polymer nomenclature. The names of other kinds of polymers such as double-strand [7] and irregular polymers [8] are based on the principles given in this Report. 

GENERIC SOURCE-BASED NOMENCLATURE OF POLYMERS 3.1 Fundamental Principles... 

The names of inorganic and coordination polymers are based on the same fundamental principles that were developed for organic polymers. As in the nomenclature of organic polymers, these rules apply to structural representations that may at times be idealised and do not take into account irregularities, chain imperfections or random branching. 

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