Nitro, acids phenols

Nitro-pJienols and Nitro-acids dissolve in ctiustic alkahs as a rule with a deep yellow or orange colour. On reduction with st. innous chloride or zinc dust, as described above, they yield the amino-derivatives. In the case of the amino-phenol, the solution is made alkaline with caustic soda, satuiated with CO.j, salt added and extracted w ith ether. In the case of the amino-acid, the method used is that desciibed under Prep. 91 (p. 201). 

Nitrophenol Phenol, p-nitro- (8) Phenol, 4-nitro- (9) (100-02-7) Trifluoromethanesulfbnic anhydride Methanesulfonic acid, trifluoro-, anhydride (8,9) (358-23-6)... 

Weak donor acceptor Alcohol, organic acid, phenol, primary and secondary amines, oxime, nitro and nitrile compounds having hydrogen at a-position, hydrazine, HF, and HCN... 

Class 2 Molecules with active H-atoms and electronegative atoms with pairs of free electrons (0, N, F) Alcohols, acids, phenols, prim, and sek. amines, oximes, nitro compoimds and nitriles with a-H-atoms like hydrazine, NH3, HF, HCN, etc. 

Procedure 1 We select several HA-type acids, for which pKa values of <7.5 are expected, and determine their pKa and K HAJ) accurately by method(s) other than potentiometry. If the selected acid is a nitro-substituted phenol that has no tendency to homoconjugate (p. 71), we dissolve various amounts of it in the solvent and measure the UV/vis spectrophotometric absorption for the phenolate anion formed by dissociation. For the conductimetric determination of pKa and K HA])), see Section 7.3.2. 

B. Alcohols, fatty acids, phenols, primary and secondary amines, oximes, nitro compounds, nitriles with a-H atoms. 

Alcohols Carboxylic acids Phenols Primary and secondary amines Oximes Nitro compounds (with a-H atoms) Nitriles (with a-H atoms) Polyhydroxyalcohols Amino alcohols Hydroxy acids Polyprotic acids Polyphenols... 

The lower members Polybasic acids and Acids. Phenols. Primary amines. Unsaturated Saturated aliphatic Nitro compounds... 

Pollutant 4-Nitro phenol 2-Chloro phenol Malonic acid Phenol, 4-CP,... 

The data for this solvent were not used to calculate the parameters in Table 54. Similarly the data for decarboxylation of oxanilic acid in anisole were not used for the AH -AS correlation. With the reported AH value of 32.6 kcal.mole , the entropy of activation is calculated to be 3.59 0.03 eu compared to the reported value of 11.1 eu. In the decarboxylation of malonic acid, the data obtained with pyridine and ) -mercaptopropionic acid solvents deviated considerably from the plots and were not included in the correlation. The data for malonic acid decarboxylation appeared to be best correlated by two lines. One line was described by the following solvents acids, phenols, nitro-aromatics, benzaldehyde, and the melt the other line involved amines, alcohols, dimethylsulfoxide and triethyl phosphate. The latter line was not as well defined as the former. However, it was our intention to correlate as many solvents as possible with a minimum number of lines. The data for decarboxylation of malonic acid in water and in benzyl alcohol fell between these two lines and were not included in either correlation. The data for decarboxylation of benzylmalonic acid also appeared to be best correlated with two lines. One line was defined by the cresols, acids and the melt, while the other line was defined by the amines. Decarboxylation of cinnamalmalonic acid was correlated by two lines as indicated in Table 54. Similarly j8-resorcylic acid was correlated by two lines. The separation of data into parallel lines is presumably due to multiple solvation mechanisms . In support of this interpretation it is seen that when two lines are observed, acids fall into one line and amines into the other. It is not unexpected that the solvation mechanisms for these two classes of solvents would differ. It is interesting to note that all of the nitrogen containing acids are correlated reasonably well with one line for both basic and acidic solvents. Also the AHq values fall in a rather narrow range for all of the acids. From the values of p in Table 54, there appears to be little correlation between this parameter and the melting point of the acids, contrary to prior reports " ... 

The nitro derivatives of phenols are even more easily formed than the nitro derivatives of the hydrocarbons which, as will be recalled, are readily formed by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids upon the hydrocarbon. Even with dilute nitric acid phenol undergoes substitution with the formation of a mono-nitro phenol and with concentrated acid a tri-nitro phenol results. 

Class II Other liquids composed of molecules containing both active hydrogen atoms and donor atoms (oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine)—e.g., alcohols, acids, phenols, primary and secondary amines, oximes, nitro compounds with alpha-hydrogen atoms, nitriles with alpha hydrogen atoms, ammonia, hydrazine, HF, HCN (plus nitromethane, acetonitrile even though these form 3-dimensional networks they have weaker bonds than —OH and —NH bonds in class I)... 

The few direct toxicity comparisons using nitro-substituted phenols and their reduced metabolites indicate that the relationship between reduction of nitro to amino groups, and toxicity varies with the degree of nitration of the parent compound and the test species. The reduction of picric acid to picramic acid (2-A-4,6-DNP) and of 4-NP to 4-AP promoted an order of magnitude toxicity increase in lethal and sub-lethal assessments with several marine and freshwater invertebrates, fish, and algae [12,29,59] (Table 4.5). The reduction of 2,4-DNP to 4-A-2-NP, however, decreased toxicity to P. promelas by 2.5-fold [50,61],... 

Unfortunately, a vast portion of the WO works reported in the literature deals with the non-catalyzed oxidation kinetics for single compounds. In a review by Matatov-Meytal and Sheintuch , it was found that pure compounds such as phenol, benzene, dichlorobenzene, and acetic acid obey a first-order rate law with respect to the substrates and mainly half order with respect to the oxygen concentration. A thorough kinetic investigation in an isothermal, differentially operated fixed bed reactor with the oxygen pre-saturated aqueous solutions has revealed that the catalytic oxidation of acetic acid, phenol, chloro-phenol, and nitro-phenol can be well expressed by means of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic formulation ° , namely... 

Amino-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid. See 6-Amino-4-nitro-1-phenol-2-sulfonic acid... 

Amino-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid. See 2-Amino-6-nitro-1-phenol-4-sulfonic acid... 

Amino-6-nitro-1-phenol-4-sulfonic acid CAS 96-93-5 EINECS/ELINCS 202-546-7 Synonyms 3-Amino-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-6-nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid Empirical C6H6N2O6S... 

Amino-4-nitrophenol-2-sulfonic acid. See 6-Amino-4-nitro-1-phenol-2-sulfonic acid [8-[(4-Am i no-3-nitrophenyl) azo]-7-hydroxy-2-naphthyl] trimethylammonium chloride 8-[(4-Amino-3-nitrophenyl) azo]-7-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-naphthalenaminium chloride. See Basic brown 17... 

Examples alcohols, acids, phenols, amines, oximes, ammonium, nitro compounds with a-state hydrogen... 

---