Alcohols examples

This preparation was discovered independently by Geuther (1863) and by Frankland and Duppa (1865). The reaction was subsequently investigated in detail and so w idely extended by Claisen that it has become solely a specific example of the more general process known as the Claisen Condensation. Claisen showed that an ester under the influence of sodium ethoxide would not only condense with itself (as in the preparation of ethyl acetoacetate), but also with (i) another ester, (ii) a ketone, if of formula RCHgCOR, (iii) a nitrile, if of formula RCH CN, in each case with the elimination of alcohol. Examples of these modifications are ... 

Reduction of ketones either with sodium and absolute alcohol, example ... 

TABLE 21-17 Abstract of Part 172-101 of Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 49 to Illustrate the Ethyl Alcohol Example in the Text. (U.S. Government Printing Office)... 

This synthetic process is applicable to the preparation of other ketene acetal derivatives of /3-alkoxy alcohols. Examples include the ketene acetal derivatives of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and l-methoxy-2-propanol.3 There are a number of advantages in its use, including a simple, time-saving procedure, readily available and inexpensive reagents, and good yields of ketene acetal obtained by a one-step method. 

Sn2 -Addition to vinyloxiranes. Lithium dimethylcuprate reacts with vinyl-oxiranes by a highly arm-selective SN2 addition to provide homoallylic alcohols. Examples ... 

A ketone reacts with a Grigncird reagent to produce a tertiary alcohol. Examples of this process tire shown in Figure 14-8 and Figure 14-9. 

Employing the Davidson-Cole model for propylene carbonate and the Cole-Cole model for propionitrile with the appropriate dielectric parameters from the literature, we have predicted C(t) for these polar aprotic solvents according to the dielectric continuum model. The agreement between the predicted and observed C(t) is not nearly as good as the alcohol examples (see below). 

In Nd alcoholate-catalyzed polymerizations, as a rule of thumb, the same halide donors are applied at the same molar ratios as with Nd-carboxylate-based catalyst systems. In the literature, hydrocarbon soluble as well as hydrocarbon insoluble halide donors are combined with Nd-alcoholates. Examples are benzyl chloride (BzCl) [37,38], AlBr3 [224,225], AlEtCl2 [226,227], Et2AlCl [231], fBuCl [231,232] and Me3SiCl [231]. 

There is one type of ester -> alcohol reduction for which one employs DIBAL (in a polar solvent) rather than LiAlH4 (in ether of THF). This reduction is the reduction of a,/)-unsaturated esters to allyl alcohols (example in Figure 17.63). The reaction of this kind of substrate with LiAlH4 sometimes results in a partial reduction of the C=C double bond to a C—C single bond in addition to the desired transformation —C(=Q)OR —> —CH2OH. 

This reaction is a useful method to prepare alcohols with two identical groups on the carbon bonded to the hydroxy group. Formate esters produce secondary alcohols other esters produce tertiary alcohols. Examples are provided in the following equations. Again, acyl chlorides and anhydrides also give this reaction, but they are seldom used because they offer no advantages over esters. 

Debenzylation of the benzyl esters of phosphoric acid has been employed in the synthesis of phosphorylated alcohols. Examples are shown in eqs. 13.2348 and 13.24.49 Tener and Khorana synthesized a-D-ribofuranose 1,5-diphosphate (36) by hydrogenolysis of the benzyl phenyl phosphate 35, first, in the presence of 5% Pd-C, and then in the presence of Adams platinum to remove, respectively, the benzyl and the phenyl groups (eq. 13.25).50... 

For cyclohexane, no chemical bonds are broken in the process, whereas the phenol-alcohol example does involve bond disruption. The same theoretical treatment applies to both situations so far as chemical shifts are concerned. However, as we shall see in later chapters, breaking of chemical bonds disrupts spin-spin coupling and thus introduces other considerations. 

Homoallylic alcohols. Aldehydes or ketones react with an allylic halide in the presence of tin and aluminum in an aqueous medium to give homoallylic alcohols. Example ... 

This sequence is equally applicable to cyclic and bicyclic aUylic alcohols. Example ... 

Example 6.5. Olefin hydroformylation with phosphine-substituted cobalt hydrocarbonyl catalyst [30], The pathway 6.9 of olefin hydroformylation with the "oxo" catalyst, HCo(CO)4, has been shown in Example 6.2 in Section 6.3. For phosphine-substituted catalysts, HCo(CO)3Ph (Ph = organic phosphine), the pathway olefin — aldehyde is essentially the same. However, these catalysts also promote hydrogenation of aldehyde to alcohol (Examples 7.3 and 7.4) and of olefin to paraffin (Example 7.5). Moreover, straight-chain primary aldehydes under the conditions of the reaction undergo to some extent condensation to aldol, which is subsequently dehydrated and hydrogenated to yield an alcohol of twice the carbon number (e.g., 2-ethyl hexanol from n-butanal see Section 11.2). The entire reaction system is... 

Many microorganisms possessing alcohol dehydrogenases that are capable of reducing ketones and diketones have been demonstrated to produce chiral alcohols. Examples of such enantioselective reductions have been reviewed on many occasions (3-8). The main advantage of a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase for the production of chiral alcohols... 

For our five-alcohol example, let species A be /i-butanol, B be 1-pentanol, etc. Now, let us consider the column that accomplishes the separation AB/CDE. To estimate the internal vapor flows in the column, we will have to assume recoveries for the species. Here, we shall assume that 99% of the key species go to their respective products, while everything lighter than the light key goes to the distillate and everything heavier than the heavy key ends up in the bottoms. 

Warner, J. (1997). Shifting categories of the social harms associated with alcohol Examples from late medieval and early modern England. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1788-1797. 

Oxidation of alcohols. Examples already cited illustrate the oxidation of allylic and propargylic primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. An interesting use of the reaction is in a synthesis of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindanone-l... 

A typical design FMEA is given in Fig. 13 for the alcohol example discussed earlier. The headings across the top of the FMEA define the types of information it requires. The DFSS team must evaluate the risk associated with failure of the CTQs. We discuss the functional requirement FMEA, but the same approach... 

Similar to the hydrolysis of esters, the hydrolysis of ethers occurs at high pressures without the addition of acid catalysts. As for other hydrolysis reactions, high density and the addition of NaCl improves the reaction rate and selectivity of hydrolysis relative to other degradation reactions. Under optimal conditions, the reaction leads only to the respective alcohols. Examples of ethers investigated are methoxynaphthalenes [21], dibenzylether [7, 22], anisols [23], and from cellulose to glucose, fructose and oligomers [24]. 

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