Reducing metabolites

Tetrahydroprogesterone (3a5ocThPROG) or allopregnenolone, a reduced metabolite of progesterone... 

Achnich A, E Fernandes, J-M Bollag, H-J Knackmuss, H Lenke (1999) Covalent binding of reduced metabolites of [ NjJTNT to soil organic matter during a bioremediation process analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 33 4448-4456. 

The purification of chlornitrofen and the reduced metabolite, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 4-aminophenyl ether (CNP-NH2) in brown rice and vegetables was investigated. ... 

Although 1-aminopyrene is a reduced metabolite of 1-nitropyrene, this arylamine will not covalently bind to DNA in vitro (72). In contrast, when incubations were conducted with the intermediate reduction product, N-hydroxy-l-aminopyrene, extensive covalent binding to DNA was detected (72). This observation is consistent with the previous report that several N-hydroxy arylamines formed DNA adducts and induced mutations in S. typhimurium (116), and suggests that, at least for 1-nitropyrene, reduction to N-hydroxy-l-aminopyrene is a critical step in mutation induction. 

Nature uses enantioselective transfer hydrogenation to reduce metabolites, for example pyruvate to give (S)-lactic acid and 2-ketoglutarate to give (S)-2-hydroxy -glutarate. The reaction is reversible and the equilibrium position depends on the concentration of the species. The enzyme catalysts are named dehydrogenases, and they employ a soluble cofactor or hydride acceptor called NAD(P) in its oxi-... 

Tomigahara Y, Mori M, Shiba K, Isobe N, Kaneko H, Nakatsuka I, Yamada H (1994) Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat I. Identification of a sulphonic acid type of conjugate and reduced metabolites. Xenobiotica 24 473 -84... 

It is apparent that the aquatic echinoderm and terrestrial mammal deal with a chemical probe by very different metabolic pathways. The exclusive formation of oxidized ((T-demethylated) product in the mouse may partly reflect the animal s highly oxidizing environment, while the relatively anoxic marine environment is represented in the observed reduced metabolites of the sea urchin. 

Pearson BE, Beverley E, Allison CM. 2000. Determination of progesterone and some of its neuroactive ring A-reduced metabolites in human serum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Bio 74... 

The photoreductive synthetic process that promotes the assimilation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, other reduced metabolites, as well as ATP (synthesis of the latter is termed photophosphorylation). Photosynthesis is the primary mechanism for transducing solar energy into biomass, and green plants utilize chlorophyll a to capture a broad spectrum of solar radiant energy reaching the Earth s surface. Photosynthetic bacteria typically produce NADPH, the reductive energy of which is converted to ATP. 

Conder, J.M., La Point, T.W., Bowen, A.T. (2004) Preliminary kinetics and metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and its reduced metabolites in an aquatic oligochaclc. Aqua. Toxicol. 69, 199-213. 

The effect of androgens is promoted by various metabolites in a very subtle manner, subject to significant developmental change. It is currently advocated that 5j8-reduced metabolites act directly on erythropoietic stem cells, whereas 5 -reduced derivatives enhance the level of erythropoietin. Interestingly, mutant mice with testicular feminization (TfmlY) actively maintain erythropoiesis, suggesting that androgenic effects on red cell formation are not mediated by conventional receptor mechanisms antiandrogens are either of variable or no influence. 

Radiosensitizing effect in hypoxic cells [89] toxicity to hypoxic cells [102, 112, 115, 116] DNA damage [112], antitrichomonal activity [137], structure-activity [115, 116] inhibition of T. cruzi growth at concentrations that do not stimulate 0 and H202 production (reduced metabolites of benznidazole are involved through covalent binding to macromolecules in its trypanocidal and toxic effects) [133]... 

Similar findings in a similar study were reported for brom-peridol and its reduced metabolite, although there were no differences in clinical symptoms or neurological adverse effects during concomitant itraconazole therapy (52). 

Yasui N, Kondo T, Otani K, Furukori H, Mihara K, Suzuki A, Kaneko S, Inoue Y. Effects of itraconazole on the steady-state plasma concentrations of haloperidol and its reduced metabolite in schizophrenic patients in vivo evidence of the involvement of CYP3A4 for haloperidol metabolism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999 19(2) 149-54. 

In 59 patients treated with HL at fixed daily doses (3-10 mg/d) over at least 4 months prior to sampling, HPLC determinations of both HL and reduced metabolite (RHL) content in hair showed significant correlations with the daily dose of HL (r = 0.682, p < 10 3, n = 59 for HL, and r = 0.813, p < 10, n = 59 for RHL). A cross-sectional analysis, carried out in five patients whose HL dose regimen had been decreased or discontinued a few months before sampling, showed in all cases an abrupt drop of both HL and RHL hair levels at the time at which dosage changed. 

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. In plasma or serum haloperidol and reduced metabolite, sensitivity 1 ng/ml, electrochemical detection—E. R. Korpi et al., Clin. Chem., 1983, 29, 624-628. 

Disposition in the Body. Readily and almost completely absorbed after oral administration. About 40% of a dose is excreted in the urine unchanged in 24 hours together with small amounts of the reduced metabolite, aminofurantoin. 

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