Nitrated polycyclic aromatic

One example of normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to gas chromatography is the determination of alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in urban air particulate extracts (97). Since such extracts are very complex, LC-GC is the best possible separation technique. A quartz microfibre filter retains the particulate material and supercritical fluid extraction (SPE) with CO2 and a toluene modifier extracts the organic components from the dust particles. The final extract is then dissolved in -hexane and analysed by NPLC. The transfer at 100 p.1 min of different fractions to the GC system by an on-column interface enabled many PACs to be detected by an ion-trap detector. A flame ionization detector (PID) and a 350 p.1 loop interface was used to quantify the identified compounds. The experimental conditions employed are shown in Table 13.2. 

Alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds... 

Because process mixtures are complex, specialized detectors may substitute for separation efficiency. One specialized detector is the array amperometric detector, which allows selective detection of electrochemically active compounds.23 Electrochemical array detectors are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. Many pharmaceutical compounds are chiral, so a detector capable of determining optical purity would be extremely useful in monitoring synthetic reactions. A double-beam circular dichroism detector using a laser as the source was used for the selective detection of chiral cobalt compounds.24 The double-beam, single-source construction reduces the limitations of flicker noise. Chemiluminescence of an ozonized mixture was used as the principle for a sulfur-selective detector used to analyze pesticides, proteins, and blood thiols from rat plasma.25 Chemiluminescence using bis (2,4, 6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate was used for the selective detection of catalytically reduced nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust.26... 

For soybean-based biodiesel at this concentration, the estimated emission impacts for percent change in emissions of NO,, particular matter (PM), HC, and CO were +20%, -10.1%, -21.1%, and -11.0%, respectively (EPA, 2002). The use of blends of biodiesel and diesel oil are preferred in engines in order to avoid some problems related to the decrease of power and torque, and to the increase of NO, emissions (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) that occurs with an increase in the content of pure biodiesel in a blend. Emissions of all pollutants except NO appear to decrease when biodiesel is used. The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine dramatically reduces the emissions of unbumed hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ozone-forming hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The net contribution of carbon dioxide from biomass combustion is small. 

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Ruehle, P. H., L. C. Bosch, and W. P. Duncan, Synthesis of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, in Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (C. M. White, Ed.), pp. 169-235, Hiithig, Heidelberg, 1985. 

Schuetzle, D., T. L. Riley, T. J. Prater, T. M. Harvey, and D. F. Hunt, Analysis of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Particulate, Anal. Chem., 54, 265-271 (1982). 

White, C. M., Ed., Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Hiithig, Heidelberg, 1985. 

Bezabeh, D. Z., T. M. Allen, E. M. McCauley, P. B. Kelly, and A. D. Jones, Negative Ion Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, J. Am.. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 8, 630-636 (1997). 

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P. Gramatica et al., Approaches for externally validated QSAR modelling of Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon mutagenicity. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 18, 169-178 (2007)... 

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Jung, D.K.J., T. Klaus and K. Fent. Cytochrome P450 induction by nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azaarenes, and binary mixtures in fish hepatoma cell line. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20 149-159, 2001. 

King LC, George M, Gallagher JE, et al. 1994. Separation of P-postlabeled DNA adducts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by HPLC. Chem Res Toxicol 7 503-510. 

Paschke, T., S.B. Hawthorne, and D.J. Miller. 1992. Supercritical fluid extraction of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust particulate matter. J. Chromatogr. 609 333-340. 

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N. Shimada, F.P. Guengerieh et al. (2000). Bioactivation of diesel exhaust particle extracts and their major nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon components, 1-nitropyrene and dinitropy-renes, by human cytochrome P450s 1A1, 1A2, and IBl. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 411, 129-138. 

Cheng, A.L.S. and G.L. Steffens Maleic hydrazide residues in Maryland tobacco Tob. Sci. 20 (1976) 75-76. Cheng, T., C.D. Eaton, X. Shi, H.M. Cobum, and R.D. Bereman Quantitative determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke condensate 57th Tobacco Science Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 57, Paper No. 79, 2003, pp. 68-69. 

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