255 Nicotine Parathion

Which of the following agents is a prodrug that is much less toxic in mammals than in insects (A) Malathion Nicotine Parathion Physostigmine Pilocarpine... 

Chlorfenvinphos Cyanogen bromide Storax (Liquidambar orientalis) parasiticide, external veterinary medicine Nicotine parathion mfg. p-Nitrophenol parenterals... 

The agricultural chemicals in general are more dangerous to handle in solution than in wettable powder or dust form. Parathion and nicotine are the only exceptions to this as they seem to be about equally toxic in wet or dry form. 

Table III shows the parathion residues on Jonathan and Starking Delicious apples from seven spray plots in the Mississippi Valley. Identical treatments were used on both varieties. The Starking variety showed a slightly lower parathion residue than the Jonathan. The difference was not great, however. In general, the residue after the final spraying was proportional to the concentration of parathion in the spray mixture. The exception is plot 4, sprayed with 2 ounces of parathion with nicotine-bentonite-oil, which shows a residue approximately equal to that obtained on plots sprayed with 4 ounces of parathion, alone or in combination with DDT (plots 11 and 12). The residue 2 weeks after spraying was only one quarter to one third of that found immediately after spraying, and 46 days after spraying only one plot (No. 14 sprayed with 8 ounces of parathion) showed a residue significantly in excess of 0.1 p.p.m.

The insecticides and miticides mentioned are not the only ones known to be effective against cotton pests, but they include most of those used for that purpose in the United States. Many of them are imported in considerable quantities into Latin American countries and have proved their effectiveness there. Approximately 44,000,000 pounds of technical organic insecticides (DDT, BHC, toxaphene, aldrin, dieldrin, parathion, etc.), 3,600,000 pounds of calcium arsenate, and 82,000 pounds of nicotine sulfate were exported from the United States to these countries during 1953. Some insecticides are exported from Europe, particularly Folidol (methyl parathion) from Germany. Even though these imports represent considerable quantities of insecticides, they are still far short of the minimum needs for adequate cotton-pest control. 

General supportive care should be provided as outlined above. Extra precautions should be taken to ensure that rescuers and health care providers are not poisoned by exposure to contaminated clothing or skin. This is especially critical for the most potent substances such as parathion or nerve gas agents. Antidotal treatment consists of atropine and pralidoxime (see Table 58-4). Atropine is an effective competitive inhibitor at muscarinic sites but has no effect at nicotinic sites. Pralidoxime given early enough is capable of restoring the cholinesterase activity and is active at both muscarinic and nicotinic sites. 

Katz, E.J., Cortes, V.I., Eldefi awi, M.E., Eldefi awi, A.T. (1997). Chlorpyrifos, parathion, and their oxons bind to and desensitize a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor relevance to their toxicities. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 146 227-36. 

In the adult nervous system, neurotransmitters are mainly working as cell-cell signalling molecules in the synapses. However, during development they also affect further differentiation, e.g., expression of different neurotransmitters and receptors. Exposure to chemicals that modify neurotransmitter systems, like psychopharmaceuticals and pesticides, may therefore have serious effects on the developing nervous system and the level of the neurotransmitters in the brain. Other chemicals that are reported to modify synaptogenesis are nicotine [87], ethanol [88], toluene [89], methyl mercury [90], parathion [91] and PCBs [92],... 

Direct activators bethanechol (M), methacholine (M and N), nicotine (N), pilocarpine (M) AChE inhibitors reversible—edrophonium, physostigmine, neostigmine AChE inhibitors irreversible—echothiophate, malathion, parathion... 

Acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline in the postsynaptic membrane, is a serine esterase inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, sarin, physostigmine, and parathion (Table 11.4). These substances are extremely toxic and cause paralysis. Other toxins block the acetylcholine receptor (antagonists) or lock it open (agonists). Nicotine is an agonist. 

In a case report, continuous PAM infusion (with atropine sulfate) was successful in treating chlorpyrifos poisoning, and the nicotinic signs and symptoms were controlled (Tush and Anstead, 1997). In a case series, Tbiermann ef al. (1997) reported that in parathion poisoning, obidoxime... 

Tofranil (a tranquilizer), parathion, endrin, and nicotine (insecticides), amo-barbital (a sedative) and disulfiram (used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism) have been detected (Alha et ai, 1960) in the stomach, stomach contents, and liver of cadavers by infrared spectroscopy of acetone extracts and by other confirmatory methods. 

Dimethylaminopyridine 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol Diphenylamine Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Endosulfan Ethiofencarb 6-Ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline 2-Ethylhexanal Ethyl hexanediol 2-Ethylhexenal 2-Ethyl-2-hexenal Ethyl-p-nitrobenzoate Etrimfos Fenamiphos Fenpropathrin Fenthion Fluometuron Furfural Glyoxalic, acid Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Hexachloroethane Hydramethyinon 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile 2-Imidazolidinone lodofenphos Isofenphos Isooctyl thioglycolate Isopropanolamine Kojic acid Laurie acid Lead acetate Lead acetate trihydrate Lead naphthenate 2,6-Lutidine Mecarbam Mercury chloride (ic) Metam-sodium P-Methylnaphthalene Naphthalene Nicotine Oxamyl Parathion-methyl Pentaerythritol Perchloropentacyclodecane Permethrin Phenothiazine Phenylmercuric acetate Phorate Phosalone Phoxim Phthalic anhydride a-Pinene Pine (Pinus palustris) tar oil Piperazine Piperazine dihydrochloride... 

Hexyl neopentanoate Hydroxypropyl-a-cyclodextrin Hydroxypropyl-p-cyclodextrin Hydroxypropyl-y-cyclodextrin lodofenphos Isooctane Isosafrole Lindane Malaoxon Maleic anhydride Methanesulfonic acid Methyl isothiocyanate Nicotine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2,2 -Oxybis (4,4,6-trimethyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborinane Parathion-methyl PEG-3 dimethyl ether Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegiodes) oil n-Pentane Perchloropentacyclodecane Potassium amyl xanthate Potassium n-butyl xanthate... 

Manganese acetylacetonate C10H14NO5PS Parathion C10H14N2 Nicotine CioHi4N2N3208 Disodium EDTA C10H14N2O5 HC yellow 4... 

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