Posterior cingulate

Minoshima, S., Giordani, B., Berent, S. et al. Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer s disease. Ann. Neurol. 42 85-94,1997. 

FTND Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, M mean NR not reported NA not applicable ACC anterior cingulate cortex PCC posterior cingulate cortex OFC orbitofrontal cortex SFG superior frontal gyrus DLPFC dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex DRD4L dopamine receptor 4 variable number tandem repeat Data shown for FTND and pack-years are means for the smokers Pack-years = packs of cigarettes smoked per day x number of years smoked... 

Lawrence et al, (2002) 15 14 4.5 4.7 RVIP In smokers, nicotine improved task performance and increased neural activity in the parietal and occipital cortices, the thalamus and caudate, and decreased activity in left frontal, anterior and posterior cingulate, insula, and left parahippocampal regions. 

Lawrence and colleagues (2002) explored the neural substrates of nicotine effects on sustained attention using the rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task. Smokers (n = 15) received either placebo or 21-mg transdermal nicotine patch prior to testing. Matched nonsmokers (n = 14) were tested under similar conditions, but did not receive a nicotine patch. Relative to the placebo condition, the smokers in the nicotine condition demonstrated improved task performance and increased neural activity in the parietal and occipital cortices, the thalamus and caudate, and decreased activity in left frontal, anterior and posterior cingulate, insula, and left parahippocampal regions (see Fig. 3). As noted by the authors, previous studies... 

Figure 5. Positron emission tomography shows the brain areas activated and deactivated during REM sleep when compared to waking. In the forebrain, more activated areas are principally limbic structures, while the posterior cingulate cortex, part of the prefrontal and parietal cortex, are deactivated. Modified from Hobson et al. (1998). Reprinted from NeuroReport with permission.

S. Minoshima, N.L. Foster, D.E. Kuhl, Posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer s disease. Lancet 344 (1994) 895. 

K.L. Boundy, L.R. Bamden, A.G. Katsifis, C.C. Rowes, Reduced posterior cingulated binding of 1-123 iodo-dexetimide to muscarinic receptors in mild Alzheimer s disease,... 

The medial and caudal portions of the midbody of the CC contain interhemispheric projections from the auditory cortices, posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and insula, and somatosensory and visual cortices to a lesser extent. It also includes connections from the inferior parietal lobe to the contralateral superior temporal sulcus, cingulate, and parahippocampal gyrus (Pandya and Seltzer, 1986). Several of the regions with interhemispheric projections through the medial and caudal portions of the midbody of the CC are involved in the processing of emotional stimuli and various memory functions—core disturbances frequently observed in children with a history of early trauma. 

Newell et al. (2007) Ml, M2, M4 Posterior cingulate cortex Significant decrease of Mi and M4 receptors... 

Newell KA, Zavitsanou K, Jew SK, Huang XF. 2007. Alterations of muscarinic and GABA receptor binding in the posterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Prog Neurop-sychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31 225-233. 

Northoff G, Richter A, Bermpohl F, Grimm S, Martin E, et al. 2005. NMDA hypofunction in the posterior cingulate as a model for schizophrenia An exploratory ketamine administration study in fMRI. Schizophr Res 72 235-248. 

NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho in hippocampus and DLPFC of patients no significant differences in the thalamus, putamen, occipital cortex, ACC, posterior cingulate, frontal WM or STG... 

NAA levels in DLPFC of patients correlated with activation of DLPFC, TL and inferior parietal cortex during Wisconsin Card Sort Test no correlation in the ACC and STG 4 NAA/Cre in Flippo region and DLPFC of patients no differences in the thalamus, putamen, occipital cortex, ACC, posterior cingulate, prefrontal WM or STG 4 NAA/Cre and NAA/CFIO in Flippo region and DLPFC of patients, no differences found in the thalamus, putamen,... 

Ctrl = 10M MRSI PFC and left thalamus, PtdEth and GPCh in right PFC, l PCh in ACC of patients No difference between groups in posterior cingulate and parieto-occipital regions... 

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