Speciation nickel

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Nickel concentrations in hair, nails, blood, or urine are elevated in exposed individuals. A correlation has been established between nickel levels in urine, plasma, and feces in occupationally exposed workers and nickel levels in air (Angerer and Lehnert 1990 Bemacki et al. 1978 Hassler et al. 1983). If the identity of the nickel compounds to which workers are exposed is known, nickel levels in urine and plasma can be used as a biomarker for nickel exposure (Sunderman 1993). Available analytical methods can determine the nickel levels in these media in both unexposed and occupationally exposed persons. Methods to determine nickel speciation in biological media require further development. 

Doig, L.E. and K. Liber. 2007. Nickel speciation in the presence of different sources and fractions of dissolved organic matter. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 66 169-177. 

L. Landner and R. Reuther (eds.) Metals in Society and in the Environment. A Critical Review of Current Knowledge on Fluxes, Speciation, Bioavailability and Risk for Adverse Effects of Copper, Chromium, Nickel and Zinc. 2004... 

Advantages High analysis rate 3-4 elements per hour Applicable to many more metals than voltammetric methods Superior to voltammetry for mercury and arsenic particularly in ultratrace range Disadvantages Nonspecific absorption Spectral interferences Element losses by molecular distillation before atomisation Limited dynamic range Contamination sensitivity Element specific (or one element per run) Not suitable for speciation studies in seawater Prior separation of sea salts from metals required Suspended particulates need prior digestion About three times as expensive as voltammetric equipment Inferior to voltammetry for cobalt and nickel... 

Donat and Bruland [804] studied the speciation of copper and nickel in seawater by competitive ligand equilibration-cathodic stripping voltammetry, differential pulse ASV, and graphite furnace AAS. 

The nomenclature of nickel compounds should be further standardized (WHO 1991). Analytical methods must be developed and standardized in order to facilitate speciation of nickel compounds in atmospheric emissions, biological materials, and in other environmental samples (NAS 1975 WHO 1991). Studies are needed to elucidate the biogeochemical nickel cycle on a global scale and determine its potential for long-range transport (WHO 1991). 

KEYWORDS Kinetic Testing, AMD, Tailings, Aqueous Speciation, PHREEQC, Nickel Mining. 

Donat, J. R., Lao, K. A. and Bruland, K. W. (1994). Speciation of dissolved copper and nickel in South San Francisco Bay a multi-method approach, Anal. Chim. Acta, 284, 547-571. 

Mouvet, Ch., and A. C. M. Bourg (1983), "Speciation (Including Adsorbed Species) of Copper, Lead, Nickel and Zinc in the Meuse River", Water Res. 17/6, 641 -49. 

The speciation and physicochemical state of nickel is important in considering its behavior in the environment and availability to biota. For example, the nickel incorporated in some mineral lattices may be inert and have no ecological significance. Most analytical methods for nickel do not distinguish the form of nickel the total amount of nickel is reported, but the nature of the nickel compounds and whether they are adsorbed to other material is not known. This information, which is critical in determining nickel s lability and availability, is site specific. Therefore, it is impossible to predict nickel s environmental behavior on a general basis. 

The Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA) is sponsoring research on the application of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) to isotopic analysis of nickel in biological samples, on the development of sampling instrumentation for assessing workers exposure to nickel in the nickel industry, and on methods for utilizing newly developed analytical methods, such as laser beam ionization mass spectrometry, for the identification and speciation of nickel compounds in powders and dusts with particular reference to nickel refining. 

Mouvet C, Bourg ACM. 1983. Speciation (including adsorbed species) of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in the Meuse River. Water Research 17 641-649. 

Wong JL, Wu T-G. 1991. Speciation of airborne nickel in occupational exposure. Environmental Science and Technology, 25(2) 306-309. 

Zatka VJ. 1990. Chemical speciation of nickel phases in industrial dusts Method 90-05-03. Sheridan Park, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Inco, Ltd., J. Roy Gordon Research Laboratory,... 

Galbreath, K.C. and Zygarlicke, C.J. (2004) Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5. Fuel Processing Technology, 85(6-7), 701-26. 

Of the elements considered in this study (see Table II), nickel, palladium, antimony, and lead are particularly sensitive to the presence of reduced sulfur species (S2, HS") in the groundwater. For each of these radionuclides, if sulfur speciates under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, solid sulfide phases will control their solubility at low Eh values. The implication of this fact is illustrated in Figure 1 by a bold, dashed line that corresponds to the solubility of nickel in the reference groundwater and a patterned zone representing the total range... 

Mandal, R., Hassan, N.M., Murimboh, J., Chakrabarti, C.L., Back, M.H., Rahayu, U. and Lean, D.R.S. (2002) Chemical speciation and toxicity of nickel species in natural waters from the Sudbury area (Canada), Environmental Science and Technology 36 (7), 1477-1484. 

Nimmo, M. and Chester, R. (1993) Chemical speciation of nickel and copper in Mediterranean rainwater. Sci. Total Environ., 135, 153-160. 

Cobalt. The speciation of radiocobalt has been selected for discussion in this chapter because it exemplifies an element for which much information already exists regarding its stable chemical speciation, yet there are additional species which have become environmentally important as a result of the activities of the nuclear industry Cobalt, the middle member of the first triad of group VIII transition metals in the Periodic Table (iron, cobalt, nickel), is most stable in the divalent state when in simple compounds. Studies of radionuclide releases from nuclear power plants under tropical conditions in India seem to indicate that... 

If copper interactions were minimized in real seawater, abundant metals of lesser sulfide affinity would take up some of the slack. ITiis is partially evident from analyses of the type in Table III. For example, nickel has mixed layer concentrations on the order of nanomolar (22), and its sulfide equilibria and inorganic seawater speciations may resemble those of zinc (lv-19.31.32). Titration, however, should only lower free sulfide to a Table m SH equivalence point, or, to roughly picomolar. In a follow up to 1Z, Dyrssen and coworkers treat Cu(II) as a variable parameter, and find that in its absence, nickel, zinc and lead can all become sulfides while the bisulfide ion still hovers well above pM (18). Again, it must be emphasized that error margins in the various equilibria remain to be investigated. 

To optimize the use of the amorphous sodium titanate powders as catalyst substrates, it is important to fully characterize the ion-exchange properties of the material. Further, the solution properties of the active metal to be loaded onto the support will be an important parameter in the control of the adsorption process. For example, exposure of sodium titanate to a nickel salt solution does not guarantee that nickel will be loaded onto the sodium titanate, or that the nickel, if loaded, will be dispersed on an atomic level. Sodium titanate only behaves as a cation exchange material under certain pH conditions. The solution pH also influences the hydrolysis and speciation of dissolved nickel ions (3), which can form large polymeric clusters or colloidal particles which are not adsorbed by the sodium titanate via a simple ion-exchange process. 

Williams, S.P. Occupational health and speciation using nickel and nickel compounds as an example. In Ebdon, L., Pitts, L., Cornells, R., Crews, H., Donard, O.F.X., Quevauviller, P. (eds.) Trace Element Speciation for Environment, Food and Health, pp. 297-307. RSC, Cambridge (2001)... 

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