Sudbury area

Ontario Water Resources Commission, Preliminary Report on the Influence of Industrial Activity on the Sudbury Area Lakes, Ontario Water Resources Commission, Toronto, Ontario, 1972, pp 78. 

Distinguishing Between Natuiral Anthropogenic Signals at Sudbury Environmental Disturbance in the Sudbury Area... 

Dyer, R.D., Takats, P., Felix, V.E. 2004. Sudbury Area Lake Sediment Geochemical Survey Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6126, 106 p. 

Deposition of metals around the large Copper Cliff smelter in Sudbury, Ontario, is a significant local problem. It is estimated that 42% of nickel particulates emitted from the 381-m stack are deposited within a 60-km radius of the smelter (Taylor and Crowder 1983). The Copper Cliff smelter, one of three large nickel sources in the Sudbury area, emits 592 pounds (269 kg) of nickel a day. 

Figure 1. Chrysophyte- and diatom-inferred pH reconstruction for Baby Lake, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Recent lake-water pH measurements are shown on the graph as open squares. The figure shows the decrease of lake pH attributed to the emission of sulfates from smelters in the Sudbury area, and the recovery after 1970 following major reductions of emissions. (Reproduced with permission from reference 8. Copyright 1992 Kluwer Academic...

Mandal, R., Hassan, N.M., Murimboh, J., Chakrabarti, C.L., Back, M.H., Rahayu, U. and Lean, D.R.S. (2002) Chemical speciation and toxicity of nickel species in natural waters from the Sudbury area (Canada), Environmental Science and Technology 36 (7), 1477-1484. 

The reason for the rapid rise to importance of the Ontario deposits hs their tremendous extent. Whilst the New Caledonian ore may be estimated in hundreds of thousands of tons, the Ontario ores in the Sudbury area certainly reach seventy million tons, and possibly extend to at least twice that amount. In 1914 slightly more than one million metric tons of nickel ore were mined in Canada. Sudbury ore consists essentially of three minerals, namely, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite, accompanied by more or less rocky material of the nature of granite, quartzite, etc.3... 

The decrease in soil metal concentrations observed with distance from the smelter is in agreement with results from other studies performed in the Sudbury area. For instance, Freedman (1978) measured Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations in organic horizons (L, F and Ah) at various distances from the Coppercliff smelter and found higher total Cu and Ni concentrations at sites closer to the smelter. Moreover, a strong positive spatial correlation existed between Cu and Ni (r =... 

Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 2001. Metals in soil and vegetation in the Sudbury area (Survey 2000 and additional historic data). Prepared by Morra, L., Jones, R., Crawford, G., and McLaughlin, D., Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Canada. 

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