Elementary Forms

Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Reliffous Life (London George Allen Unwin Ltd, second ed. 1976), 326-50. See also Ivan StrensM, Durkeim s bourgeois theory of sacrifice [in ] N. J. AUen, W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts Miller (eds.). On Durkheim s Elementary Forms of Reli us Life (London Routledge, 1998), 116 ff... 

AUen, N. J. W. S. F. Pickering and W. Watts MiUer (eds.), On Durkheim s Elementary Forms of Religious Life (London Routledge, 1998). 

Durkheim, Emile, The Elementary Forms of the Religwus Life (London George AUen Unwin Ltd, second ed. 1976). 

Chlorine is one of the strongest oxidants whether it is in the elementary form or as oxidised anions, with oxidation states of +l (hypochlorites) to +VII (perchlorates). The chloride ion with an oxidation state of -I is very stable (octet electronic structure) only hydrochloric acid is dangerously reactive, linked to its strongly acidic character. This explains the nature of the dangerous reactions which have already been described and have caused a large number of accidents. The accidental aspect is aggravated by the fact that the derivatives mentioned in this paragraph are much used. 

S.D. Razumovskii, Kislorod - Elementamye Formy i Svoistva (Oxygen - Elementary Forms and Properties), Moscow Khimya, 1979, 314 p. 

S.D. Razumovski, Oxygen. Elementary Forms and Properties, Khimiya Publ., Moscow, 1979 (in Russian)... 

The purpose of studying this simplified ease first is to reduce the problem to its most elementary form so that the basie structure of the equations can be clearly seen. In the next example, a more realistic system will be modeled. 

Carbon is able to bind sulfur to its surface. The reaction of sugar charcoal or wood charcoal with elementary sulfur at temperatures of 400-1000° was studied in detail by Wibaut (118-122). In this reaction some carbon disulfide was formed as well as hydrogen sulfide, if hydrogen was present in the samples. The solid reaction products contained considerable amounts of sulfur, up to 20% by weight. The maximum sulfur uptake was observed at 600°. The sulfur was not completely volatized even by heating in a vacuum to 1000° (122). The sulfur came off in elementary form and as carbon disulfide. Neither could the sulfur be removed from the samples by extraction. It was disposed of by powerful chemical attack, e.g., by oxidation or by reduction with hydrogen at 700°. The formation of hydrogen sulfide started at 460°. 

At least a part of the sulfur is chemically bonded to the surface and is not present in elementary form. This was proven by the catalysis in the oxidation of azide ions by iodine ... 

The classical cure 131,132), apart from special probe construction precautions, is a pulse sequence using a phase device detection cycle in which one exploits the fact that acoustic ringing increases linearly with pulse width while NMR signal follows the sinusoidal nutation-angle curve. In its most elementary form, the cycle is composed of four steps (ideally with null 5) ... 

A decision in which of these three classes to list a given element depends to a certain extent on the proportion in which it is added to iron and also on the question whether a given element such as, e.g., Si, Ti, and B is employed in its elementary form or as its oxide. Actually, various tables would be required to give a complete picture. 

From the above, one can elicit that autopoiesis is not a necessary and sufficient condition for life. It is a necessary condition, but then it takes cognition, at least in the simplest stage, to arrive at the process of life. The union of autopoiesis and the most elementary form of cognition is the minimum that is needed for life. 

More generally, I will try to illustrate the different views on the origin of life and early evolution - notions like determinism and contingency will come into focus. All these scientific views are based on the postulate that life on Earth comes from inanimate matter and a corollary of this postulate is that it might be possible to reconstitute life in the laboratory, at least in some elementary form. The ambition of understanding the prebiotic chemistry leading to the transition to life, and ultimately, to the Faustian dream of making hfe on the workbench, underlies the whole field -and is also the common thread of this book. 

Material Properties. The elementary form of the analysis used requires the following properties of propellant during cure tensile modulus, effective bulk modulus, and propellant volume change. Each of these properties changes with temperature and time elapsed since casting. Because of the unusual nature of the material (sticky, wet, explosive, gravel ), special tests, equipment, and techniques were developed for these measurements. 

In the processes described in which the tellurium is precipitated in the elementary form, it is generally assumed (see p. 365) that the error due to oxidation of the precipitate is practically negligible under the conditions of the experiment. Browning and Flint,6 however, maintain that the results are liable to be inaccurate owing to this oxidation. Tellurium dioxide, on the other hand, is unaffected by the air, is anhydrous, non-hygroscopic and easily obtained in the pure condition, and Browning and Flint base a method for the estimation of tellurium on precipitation as dioxide. The tellurium compound is precipitated from a faintly acid solution by means of ammonia, the acidity being restored by the cautious addition of acetic acid. The mixture is heated for some time to render the precipitate crystalline. The method is applicable to the separation of tellurium from selenium.7... 

These meials occur in elementary form in nature and were probably I he first metafc. known. Gold ord silver are now considered too valuable id use in cons and have been replaced by lessexpereave mci.ils Alloys of copper (e. . the "nickel" coin is composed of 75% copper and 25% rockcl) we Mill widely used. 

Arsenic in elementary form finds limited application in industry. It is sometimes employed in the manufacture of arsenic compounds, and it is a useful constituent of certain alloys.1 Small quantities,... 

Ligand field theory may be taken to be the subject which attempts to rationalize and account for the physical properties of transition metal complexes in fairly simple-minded ways. It ranges from the simplest approach, crystal field theory, where ligands are represented by point charges, through to elementary forms of molecular orbital theory, where at least some attempt at a quantum mechanical treatment is involved. The aims of ligand field theory can be treated as essentially empirical in nature ab initio and even approximate proper quantum mechanical treatments are not considered to be part of the subject, although the simpler empirical methods may be. 

Radar devices in their most elementary form consist of an oscillator which produces electromagnetic radiation, a wave-guide that carries it to the antenna (which beams the waves and collects returning echoes), a receiver which selects and amplifies the echo, and a display or signal unit which makes the data available in the required form (Ref 1)... 

The concept of redox, either in its elementary form (that is, as the loss or gain of oxygen) or as electron transfer, is a constant theme throughout the syllabus and the associated practical work. The list suggests plenty of varied examples, designated by R, to reinforce the theory. 

In its most elementary form an electric dipole comprises two equal and opposite point charges separated by a distance 5x. The dipole moment p of the dipole, defined as... 

Bearing in mind that the deposition of the metal thus will be on a line of sight basis it becomes obvious that in this elementary form the technique would be suitable only for a limited range of simple articles. (The number of pieces that could be coated in such a static arrangement would be restricted, and the more complicated shapes and forms would not be metallized well enough.) In order to overcome this, arrangements may be made for the rotation of the articles in the course of the deposition cycle, so that the area of material within the line of sight is increased, and more work pieces can be accommodated by the provision of facilities for planetary rotation of the holders. 

Traditionally, the inverse-sixth-power variation is regarded as the most elementary form of van der Waals interaction. The conditions of small size and large separation are those that obtain in a van der Waals gas. In fact, this condition holds only rarely when we... 

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