Nickel, hypersensitivity

Arrouijal FZ, Marzin D, Hildebrand HF, et al. 1992. Differences in genotoxic activity of -Ni3S2 on human lymphocytes from nickel-hypersensitized and nickel-unsensitized donors. Mutagenesis 7(3) 183-187. 

Norgaard 0. 1955. Investigation with radioactive Ni-57 into the resorption of nickel through the skin in normal and in nickel-hypersensitive persons. Acta Derm Venereol 35 111-117. 

Siller GM, Seymour GJ. 1994. Kinetics and specificity of nickel hypersensitivity in the murine model. Australas J Dermatol 35 77-81. 

In 700 Finnish adolescents, of whom 476 had a history of orthodontic treatment with metaUic apphances and others a history of ear-piercing, the frequency of nickel sensitization was 19% (12) in other studies of adolescent girls, among whom body-piercing was popular, sensitivity has been as high as 30%. A review of the hterature concerning nickel hypersensitivity in relation to orthodontic apphances has shown that the risk is very low for patients who are not nickel hjrpersensitive at the start of the treatment (13). 

Lindsten R, Kurol J. Orthodontic appliances in relation to nickel hypersensitivity. A review. J Orofac Orthop 1997 58(2) 100-8. 

Hutchinson F, Me Leod TM, Raffle EJ (1975) Nickel hypersensitivity. Br J Dermatol 93 557... 

Schram SE, Warshaw EM, Laumann A. Nickel hypersensitivity a clinical review and call to action. Int J Dermatol 2010 49(2) 115-25. 

Cardiovascular Nickel hypersensitivity has been associated with a pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery [42 ]. 

Burrows, D. Hypersensitivity to Mercury, Nickel and Chromium in Relation to Dental Materials , International Dental Journal, 36, 30-34 (1986)... 

It is believed that nickel penetrates the skin and acts as a hapten, complexing with selected peptide and/or amino-acid ligands to distort intercellular or cellular proteins, stimulating a type IV delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reaction [398]. Nickel water-soluble salts, like nickel chloride and nickel sulphate, are strong sensitizers [213, 215], The chloride induced in sweat is apparently an important factor in dissolving the metallic nickel, permitting the soluble nickel salts to act. 

Urticaria following internal exposure to nickel has been reported [418] the urticaria might be due to mechanisms other than delayed hypersensitivity. Precipitating antibodies against nickel sulphate bound to human albumin was found in some patients with widespread erythema after oral challenge. Moreover, patients with immediate patch test reactions to nickel and chronic urticaria have been reported [419]. 

A worker who had developed cutaneous sensitization also developed apparent asthma from inhalation of nickel sulfate immunologic studies showed circulating antibodies to the salt, and controlled exposure to a solution of nickel sulfate resulted in decreased pulmonary function and progressive dyspnea the possibility of hypersensitivity pneumonitis could not be excluded. ... 

Prystowsky SD, Allen AM, Smith RW, et al. 1979. Allergic contact hypersensitivity to nickel, neomycin, ethylenediamine and benzocaine. Arch Dermatol 115 959-962. 

Toxicity Nickel has a carcinogenic property and may be associated with hypersensitivity reactions. Acute poisoning causes headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, chest pain and tightness, dry cough with shortness of breath, rapid respiration, cyanosis, and extreme weakness. Lesions resulting from acute exposure... 

Complications from the use of metal implants and prostheses can arise because of biochemical and histological reactions to some of the materials used (SEDA-22, 250). These include titanium, stainless steel (10-14% nickel, 17-20% chromium), and cobalt chrome alloys (27-30% chromium, 57-68% cobalt, and up to 2.5% nickel). AU of these metals can produce sensitization or ehcit toxic reactions when they are solubilized and come into contact with tissues it can be difficult or even impossible to differentiate between hypersensitivity and toxic reactions. 

Contact dermatitis as a reaction to nickel is well known but usually reflects continuing non-medical exposure, for example among hairdressers (16) nickel released from injection needles and from Dermojets can, however, also give rise to cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. 

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