Nickel compounds applications

The nuclear y-resonance effect in ° Ni was first observed in 1960 by Obenshain and Wegener [2]. However, the practical application to the study of nickel compounds was hampered for several years by (1) the lack of a suitable single-line source, (2) the poor resolution of the overlapping broad hyperfine lines due to the short excited state lifetime, and (3) the difficulties in producing and handling the short-lived Mossbauer sources containing the Co and Cu parent nuclides, respectively. 

The Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NiPERA) is sponsoring research on the application of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) to isotopic analysis of nickel in biological samples, on the development of sampling instrumentation for assessing workers exposure to nickel in the nickel industry, and on methods for utilizing newly developed analytical methods, such as laser beam ionization mass spectrometry, for the identification and speciation of nickel compounds in powders and dusts with particular reference to nickel refining. 

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Nickel compounds are of great importance industrially and a review is available on the use of nickel in heterogeneous catalysis, electroplating, batteries, pigments, ceramics and hydrogen storage.76 This concerns simple aqua complexes of nickel(II) with anions such as carbonate, halide, hydroxide, nitrate and sulfate. Nickel acetate and formate find similar use, and the acetate is employed in the sealing of anodized aluminum.77 [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 has been shown to be potentially applicable in heat pumps.78... 

Scheme 10.7 Selected compounds applicable for the tartaric acid-modified Raney nickel, and the product ee-values at 60 and lOO C. (a) The results in parentheses were obtained in a 1 1 mixture of pivalic acid and THF (b) The result in brackets was obtained in the presence of 2 equiv. of 1-methyl-1 -cyclohexanecarboxylic acid.

Pure nickel was first isolated in 1751. Like cobalt, nickel was used to color glass, though nickel compounds turn glass and other substances green rather than blue. Because nickel is resistant to corrosion, it is often combined with other metals to form alloys that resist oxidation. A process known as electroplating uses nickel to coat the surface of metals that are vulnerable to corrosion, like iron or steel. Stainless steel is an example of a product made from nickel almost half the nickel that is mined each year is used to manufacture it. Also composed of chromium, stainless steel is extremely resistant to corrosion. Another nickel alloy is monel, which is made with copper. Monel is hard and resistant to corrosion, making it ideal for commercial marine applications such as the manufacture of boat propellers. The heating parts in toasters and electric ovens are made from an alloy called nichrome, which is another metal, made from chromium and nickel. 

Another use of 4-/ i octylphenol is in the production of uv stabilizers. 4-/ f-Octylphenol reacts with sulfur dichloride to yield the thio-bisphenol derivative, which then reacts with nickel acetate to form 2,2 -thiobis(4-/ octylphenolate)-A -butylamine nickel [14516-71-3]. This type of stabilizer is widely used in the production of outdoor carpeting based on polypropylene fibers. Nickel compounds give a green discoloration which limits their applications. A second class of uv stabilizers based on the benzotriazole stmcture. 2-(2 -hydroxy-5 -/ f2 octylphenyl)benzotriazole [3147-75-9] is produced from 4-/ y-octylphenol (55). 

Injection site tumors are induced by many nickel compounds that do not cause cancer in animals by other routes of exposure. In fact, most of tihe published literature on nickel carcinogenesis concerns injected or implanted metallic nickel or nickel compounds these data are of limited value in determining carcinogenic exposure levels for avian and terrestrial wildlife. The applicability of these studies to a recommendation for human workplace exposure is also questionable. Nevertheless, injection or implantation site sarcomas have... 

Except for the above-described ternary nickel compounds RNiC2 (Semonenko et al. 1983), YNi2C2 and Y5Ni29C3 (probable composition) (Stadelmaier and Kim 1984), several types of the ternary niekel compounds have been reported by Russian investigators. In particular, it is well known that nickel itself does not form stable carbides, so the possible existence of stable rare-earth-nickel-carbon compounds is of interest in respect to either fundamental science or practical applications. 

This contribution provides an overview of contemporary synthetic methods of broad applicability that involve the preparation and use of nickel jt-complexes as starting materials or reactive intermediates. Numerous excellent reviews on the chemistry of nickel have appeared that are complementary to this contribution in subject and scope. An outstanding review by Chetcuti describes the knovm jt-complexes of nickel,I l and several other structural classes of nickel complexes have been reviewed " o-bonded organo-nickel compounds are reviewed in Houben-Weyl, Vol. 13/9b, pp 632-700. The historical development and early applications of nickel chemistry have been reviewed byWilkePl and Jolly,I ] industrial applications have been reviewed by Keim,Pl and several other reviews on specific groups of synthetic transformations have appeared. The organometallic... 

The main nickel compounds are oxides, sulfides, and salts. Nickel compounds are sometimes classed as soluble or insoluble in water such classification can be useful in technical applications but may not be relevant to determining their biological activity. Water-soluble nickel compounds include nickel chloride and nickel sulfate, whereas nickel monosulfide and nickel carbonate are classed as insoluble [1]. 

Nickel concentrations in blood, serum, or urine are used as biological indicators of exposure or body burden of nickel. Urine and serum are the specimens with widest application and greatest practicability for monitoring human exposure to nickel compounds. The nickel content in tissue specimens, mainly lung, is relevant only when a decision must be made as to whether an occupational disease was caused by an occupational exposure to nickel and/or its compounds [34,61]. 

Hachimi, A., Van Vaeck, L., Poels, K., Adams, E, Mnller, IF. (1998) Speciation of chromium, lead and nickel compounds by laser microprobe mass spectrometry and application to environmental and biological samples. Spectrochimica Acta B, 53,347-365. 

Meites (174) has used controlled-potential reduction of nickel for the purification of electrolytes and the precise determination of nickel in the 10 to 10 per cent range (177). Ultra-pure nickel compounds have been prepared by Lingane and Page (172) using this technique. Applications of controlled-potential coulometry to the determination of nickel in plutonium solutions and copper alloys have been reported by Bergstresser (178) and Tanaka (173), respectively. 

Although not so generally applicable for the preparation of dicyclopentadienyl metal compounds as the sodium cyclopenta-dienide method, the amine procedure represents the simplest preparation of ferrocene. The amine procedure can also be employed for dicyclopentadienylnickel (about 80% yield), using nickel bromide obtained by the action of bromine on nickel metal powder and 1,2-dimethoxyethane as the solvent. The method of preparation given here is a modified version of that originally described. ... 

Two techniques, electrochemical reduction (section IIl-C) and Clem-mensen reduction (section ITI-D), have previously been recommended for the direct reduction of isolated ketones to hydrocarbons. Since the applicability of these methods is limited to compounds which can withstand strongly acidic reaction conditions or to cases where isotope scrambling is not a problem, it is desirable to provide milder alternative procedures. Two of the methods discussed in this section, desulfurization of mercaptal derivatives with deuterated Raney nickel (section IV-A) and metal deuteride reduction of tosylhydrazone derivatives (section IV-B), permit the replacement of a carbonyl oxygen by deuterium under neutral or alkaline conditions. 

Through the work of especially Goldfarb et al. but also of Buu-Hoi et al., Badger et al., and Wynberg et al., the Raney nickel desulfurization of thiophenes has been developed to an important tool for the synthesis of aliphatic compounds. During the last 5 years over fifty papers have appeared describing applications of this method. 

Another application of the electrolysis of tantalum and niobium in fluoride melts is in the preparation of intermetalic compounds as a result of the interaction between the electrochemically precipitating metal and the cathode material. Based on an investigation of the electrochemical reduction of K2TaF7 or K2NbF7 in a LiF - NaF melt on nickel cathodes, Taxil and Qiao [565] determined the appropriate conditions for the formation of TaNi3 or NbNi3 in the form of stable phases in the bulk of the obtained layer. 

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