Neurotrophic factors transport

Neurotransmitter Transporters Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Neurotrophic Factors Corticotropin Releasing Hormone CRH... 

Mechanism of Action Lithium s pharmacologic mechanism of action is not well understood and probably involves multiple effects. Possibilities include altered ion transport, increased intraneuronal catecholamine metabolism, neuroprotection or increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, inhibition of second messenger systems, and reprogramming of gene expression.29... 

Mechanism of Action The mechanism of action of divalproex is not well understood. It is known to affect ion transport and enhances the activity of y-aminobutyric acid. Like lithium, it also has possible neuroprotective effects through enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.31... 

DAT dopamine transporter GDNF glial-derived neurotrophic factor guanosine 5 diphosphate... 

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor DAT, dopamine transporter DRD, dopamine receptor MAOA, monoamine oxidase A MB-catechol-O-methyltransferase QM-MSP, quantitative multiplex methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction RELN, reelin TH. These primers are suitable for QM-MSP. 

Neurotrophic factors play a central role in development and maintenance of neuronal cells. After release from the target cells, they bind specific receptors on the nerve termini, are internalized and carried up the axon to the perikaryon by retrograde transport. This process helps guide the direction of neurite growth (i.e. a chemoattractant activity) during neuronal development, and also serves to nourish the developing cell. Once established, the process of retrograde transport must continue if the cell is to survive and remain differentiated. 

Individuals with the short form of the serotonin transporter have a poorer response to lithium (55). The short form of the serotonin transporter is a genetic polymorphism that increases the risk of depression in the setting of adversity (56,57,58) and reduces the likelihood of a response to antidepressant treatment, and is therefore associated with a poorer outcome (59,60,61,62). Similarly, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene that encodes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (the val66met SNP of BDNF) has been associated with a poor response to lithium (63). This SNP is over-represented among patients with rapid cycling (64), who are less likely to respond well to lithium. 

Wu LL, Fan Y, Li S, Li XJ, Zhou XF (2010) Huntingtin-associated protein-1 interacts with pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mediates its transport and release. J Biol Chem 285 5614-5623... 

Daws LC, Munn JL, Valdez MF, Frosto-Burke T, Hensler JG. Serotonin transporter function, but not expression, is dependent on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in vivo studies in BDNF-deficient mice. J. Neurochem. 2007 101 641-651. 

Ren-Patterson RF, Cochran FW, Holmes A, Sherrill S, Huang SJ, Tolliver T, Fesch KP, Fu B, Murphy DF. Foss of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene allele exacerbates brain monoamine deficiencies and increases stress abnormalities of serotonin transporter knockout mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 2005 79 756-771. 

The BBB is known to transport several cytokines in the blood-to-brain direction. For example, the BBB transports the IL-l s, IL-6, and TNF by three separate transport systems. Additionally, nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor, interferons, neurotrophins, and leukemia inhibitory factor (Poduslo and Curran, 1996 Pan et al., 1997b Pan et al., 1998b Pan et al., 1998a) are also transported across the BBB. In some cases, the same gene which gives rise to a cytokine s receptor also produces the cytokine s transporter, whereas in other cases the receptor and transporter are immunologic ally distinct proteins (Banks and Kastin, 1992 Pan and Kastin,... 

Pan W, Banks WA, Easold MB, Bluth J, Kastin AJ (1998a) Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 37 1553-1561. 

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