Neurological diseases Parkinson

Neurological diseases Huntington s disease (A), amylotrophic lateral sclerosis (A,I), Parkinson s disease (A), traumatic brain injury (A,I), glaucoma (A)... 

A number of azetidine-based compounds have been disclosed in patent applications from Aventis Pharma for CBi-modulated treatment of diseases such as obesity, Parkinson s disease, schizophrenia, respiratory and neurological diseases [330-334]. Compound (556) was specifically claimed for use in two formulation patent applications [330, 331] for a stable semi-solid composition and oral emulsion composition, respectively. The optional coadministration of an agent that activates norepinephrinergic and se-rotoninergic neurotransmission (for example, sibutramine) or dopaminergic neurotransmission was also claimed for the treatment of obesity. The optional use of a dopamine agonist (for example, levodopa) was claimed... 

Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are widespread in the CNS. Muscarinic receptors with a high affinity for pirenzepine (PZ), M, receptors, predominate in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, whereas M2 receptors predominate in the cerebellum and brainstem, and M4 receptors are most abundant in the striatum. Central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are targets of intense pharmacological interest for their potential roles in regulating abnormal neurological signaling in Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease and certain seizure disorders. Nicotinic receptors are largely localized at prejunctional sites and control the release of neurotransmitters [10,11],... 

The cause of Alzheimer s disease is unknown, but genetic factors clearly play a role. One clue supporting this view is provided by the observation that individuals with Down syndrome, a common cause of mental retardation, frequently develop a dementia similar to Alzheimer s disease during early adulthood. Vascular dementia, which is also called multi-infarct dementia, results from the accumulation of tiny strokes. Individually, these strokes or infarcts are too small to cause any noticeable problem, but as they accumulate, they produce deficits similar to Alzheimer s disease. Other neurological diseases such as Parkinson s disease, Pick s disease, and Huntington s disease cause slow deterioration of the brain that ultimately leads to a degenerative dementia. 

Otitis media inflammation or infection of the middle ear Paget s disease non-metabolic disease of the bones Paraesthesia numbness and tingling sensation Parkinson s disease progressive degenerative neurological disease characterised by tremors and muscle rigidity Periodontitis inflammation of the periodontium Peripheral neuropathies disorders of the peripheral nervous system... 

Parkinsonism is a neurological disease with a variety of origins characterized by tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and disorders of posture and equilibrium. The onset is slow and progressive, with symptoms advancing over months to years. 

Attention has been focused on dopamine because of its relationship to neurological diseases and to addiction (discussed in Section 10). Dopamine receptors constitute a large family, which are classified into two main subfamilies. The D, subfamily consists of D1a and D1B (D5) receptors and the D2 subfamily of D2, D3, and D4 receptors.763 764 The D, receptors, which are prominent in the prefrontal cortex and also in the striatum, are more abundant than the D2 receptors, which are also present in the striatum and the pituitary and are targets for antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol (Fig. 30-33).765 The recently discovered and less numerous D3 receptors are present in only a few regions of the brain. However, a deficiency of D3 receptors may also be involved in addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson disease.766 767... 

These reactions, which have provided a means of inhibiting the flavin-linked monoamine oxidases, enable us to end on a clinical note. The monoamine oxidases are responsible for the deamination of monoamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, which act as neurotransmitters. Imbalances in the levels of monoamines cause various psychiatric and neurological disorders Parkinson s disease is associated with lowered levels of dopamine, and low levels of other monoamines are associated with depression. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidases may consequently be used to treat Parkinson s disease and depression. The flavin moiety is covalently bound to the enzyme by the thiol group of a cysteine residue (equation 9.17). The acetylenic suicide inhibitor N,N-dimethyl-propargylamine inactivates monoamine oxidases by alkylating the flavin on N-5.25 A likely mechanism for the reaction is the Michael addition of the N-5 of the reduced flavin to the acetylenic carbon 2... 

Neurologic diseases Hirschsprung s disease Spinal cord injuries and disease Parkinson s disease... 

Creatine has also been shown to be of some benefit in neurological and musculoskeletal diseases and conditions that involve muscle wasting or deterioration of muscle function, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, Huntington s disease, Parkinson s disease, andMcArdle s disease. 

Jolicoeur FB, Rivest R (1992) Rodent models of Parkinson s disease. In Boulton AA, Baker GB, Butterworth RF (Eds), Animal Models of Neurological Disease 7, pp. 135-158. Humana Press, Totowa,... 

Taylor JR, Elsworth JD, Roth RH, Sladek JR, Redmond DE (1994) Behavioral effects of MPTP administration in the vervet monkey a primate model of Parkinson s disease. In Woodruff ML, Nonneman AJ (Eds), Toxin-induced Models of Neurological Disease, pp. 139-174. Plenum, New York. 

In earlier investigations by the authors (3,4), neurotrophic agents consisting of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydoisoquinoline, (I), and azo amino acid derivatives, (II), respectively, were prepared and used in the treatment of Parkinson s disorder and related neurological diseases. 

Q1 The most likely diagnosis for these symptoms is Parkinson s disease. Parkinson s disease is a progressive movement disorder and is the leading cause of neurological disease in people over 65 years of age. 

Parkinson s disease is a progressive movement disorder and is the leading cause of neurological disease in the elderly. 

A 68-year-old woman developed major depression. A neurological assessment excluded neurological diseases, including Parkinson s disease. After treatment with citalopram, 20 mg/day for 7 days, she developed severe parkinsonism, with rigidity, tremor, and brady-kinesia, and became unable to walk. The citalopram was withdrawn after a further week and nortriptyline was substituted however, 10 days later parkinsonism was still present. Her symptoms eventually responded to cobeneldopa. 

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