Neural stimulation components

A reflex response requires an intact neural pathway between the stimulated area and the responding muscle. This pathway is referred to as a reflex arc and includes the following components (see Figure 7.3) ... 

Neural components that participate in the regulation of coronary blood flow include the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, coronary reflexes, and possibly, central control of coronary blood flow. Within the sympathetic system, stimulation of the stellate ganglion elicits coronary vasodilation, which is associated with tachycardia and enhanced contractility. This indirect coronary vasodilation is secondary to increased MVO2 related to increased heart rate, contractihty, and aortic pressure and occurs following stellate stimulation. The direct effect of the sympathetic system is a 1-mediated vasoconstriction at rest and during exercise. Other receptor types, 2 and have little influence on tone, whereas /32-stimulation produces a modest vasodUatory effect. Although coronary atherosclerosis may decrease blood flow secondary to obstruction, severe coronary atherosclerosis and obstruction also may increase the sensitivity of coronary arteries to the effects of aj-stimulation and vasoconstriction. 

One of early manifestations of neuropathy consists in a sharp (by 35 to 40%) reduction in conduction velocity of stimulation along peripheral nerves and a decrease in action potential amplitude of nerve, which are noted prior to the development of other clinical signs (ataxia, paresis, paralysis). The changes observed indicate the loss of excitability firstly by the A-6 thick fast-conducting nerve fibers [34, 36], In the pathogenesis of DNE induced by OPC, there take place an immunopathological component (the development of autoimmune process) [38,39], intensification in lipid peroxidation in neural tissue, labilization of lysosomal membranes, and activation of acid hydrolases [40, 41],... 

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