Nearness/remoteness

Technology developments are revolutionizing the spectroscopic capabilities at THz frequencies. While no one teclmique is ideal for all applications, both CW and pulsed spectrometers operating at or near the fiindamental limits imposed by quantum mechanics are now within reach. Compact, all-solid-state implementations will soon allow such spectrometers to move out of the laboratory and into a wealth of field and remote-sensing applications. From the study of the rotational motions of light molecules to the large-amplitude vibrations of... 

We must now mention, that traditionally it is the custom, especially in chemo-metrics, for outliers to have a different definition, and even a different interpretation. Suppose that we have a fc-dimensional characteristic vector, i.e., k different molecular descriptors are used. If we imagine a fe-dimensional hyperspace, then the dataset objects will find different places. Some of them will tend to group together, while others will be allocated to more remote regions. One can by convention define a margin beyond which there starts the realm of strong outliers. "Moderate outliers stay near this margin. 

This procedure offers the possibiUty of remote noncontact velocity measurement, where no probes disturb the flow. It is thus compatible for use with hot or corrosive gases. Commercial laser velocimeters have become weU-developed measurement tools. Examples of laser velocimetry include remote measurement of wind velocity, measurement of vortex air flow near the wing tips of large aircraft, and in vivo measurement of the velocity of blood flow. 

For the visible and near-ultraviolet portions of the spectmm, tunable dye lasers have commonly been used as the light source, although they are being replaced in many appHcation by tunable soHd-state lasers, eg, titanium-doped sapphire. Optical parametric oscillators are also developing as useful spectroscopic sources. In the infrared, tunable laser semiconductor diodes have been employed. The tunable diode lasers which contain lead salts have been employed for remote monitoring of poUutant species. Needs for infrared spectroscopy provide an impetus for continued development of tunable infrared lasers (see Infrared technology and RAMAN spectroscopy). 

It is becoming more and more desirable for the analytical chemist to move away from the laboratory and iato the field via ia-field instmments and remote, poiat of use, measurements. As a result, process analytical chemistry has undergone an offensive thmst ia regard to problem solviag capabihty (77—79). In situ analysis enables the study of key process parameters for the purpose of definition and subsequent optimization. On-line analysis capabihty has already been extended to gc, Ic, ms, and ftir techniques as well as to icp-emission spectroscopy, flow iajection analysis, and near iafrared spectrophotometry (80). 

Radiometry. Radiometry is the measurement of radiant electromagnetic energy (17,18,134), considered herein to be the direct detection and spectroscopic analysis of ambient thermal emission, as distinguished from techniques in which the sample is actively probed. At any temperature above absolute zero, some molecules are in thermally populated excited levels, and transitions from these to the ground state radiate energy at characteristic frequencies. Erom Wien s displacement law, T = 2898 //m-K, the emission maximum at 300 K is near 10 fim in the mid-ir. This radiation occurs at just the energies of molecular rovibrational transitions, so thermal emission carries much the same information as an ir absorption spectmm. Detection of the emissions of remote thermal sources is the ultimate passive and noninvasive technique, requiring not even an optical probe of the sampled volume. 

The widespread use of plastics film for printing paper appears to be only a remote possibility in the near future. There is, however, the prospect of the establishment of polyethylene film for use in service manuals, maps and other printed articles which are required to be resistant to water, oils and other liquids. 

Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is based on a mathematical description of the near crack tip stress field developed by Irwin [23]. Consider a crack in an infinite plate with crack length 2a and a remotely applied tensile stress acting perpendicular to the crack plane (mode I). Irwin expressed the near crack tip stress field as a series solution ... 

For structures and equipment, the utility should be located where it cannot be affected by natural and climatic conditions. This includes (1) corrosive pollution that may be airborne, (2) prevalent winds, and (3) surface water currents from near or remote sources. 

Recently, solicon-tethered thastereoselecdve ISOC reactions have been reported, in which effective control of remote acyclic asymmetry can be achieved fEq 8 91) Whereas ISOC occur stereoselecdvely, INOC proceeds v/ith significandy lower levels of diastereoselecdon The reaction pathways presented in Scheme 8 28 suggest a plausible hypothesis for the observed difference of stereocontrol The enhanced selecdvity in reacdons of silyl nitronates may be due to l,3- illylic strain The near-linear geometry of nitnle oxides precludes such differendadng elements fScheme 8 28 ... 

The servicing area could be located on the right-hand side of the site but remote from the gate, and part of the park near to the servicing area could be allocated to vehicles that arrive for their scheduled routine service. 

For olefins with Ji-substitucnts, whether electron-withdrawing or electron-donating, both the HOMO and LUMO have the higher coefficient 021 the carbon atom remote from the substituent. A predominance of tail addition is expected as a consequence. However, for non-conjugated substituents, or those with lone pairs (e.g. the halo-olefins), the HOMO and LUMO are polarized in opposite directions. This may result in head addition being preferred in the case of a nucleophilic radical interacting with such an olefin. Thus, the data for attack of alkyl and fluoroalkyl radicals on the fluoro-olefins (Table 1.2) have been rationalized in terms of FMO theory.16 Where the radical and olefin both have near neutral philicity, the situation is less clear.21... 

Over the past decade, plastic debris has become a common feature of beaches and coastal waters adjoining populated areas of Europe (36-38), the Mediterranean (39-41), North and Central America (42-44) and New Zealand (45). Plastics are also present in the open ocean both near the major shipping lanes and in the most remote regions of the world (the Arctic (46), the Benguela Current (47), the Cape Basin area of the South Atlantic (48), the Humboldt Current in the South Pacific (49), and the Antarctic (50, 51). 

The ANEH-mutant displaying enhanced enantioselectivity ( =10.8) was sequenced and shown to be characterized by three mutations, A217V near the active site and K332E and A390E both at remote positions [58]. The X-ray crystal structure of the WT ANEH had been analyzed earlier [61], revealing a dimer comprising identical... 

Recently, the ocean-basin distribution of marine biomass and productivity has been estimated by satellite remote sensing. Ocean color at different wavelengths is determined and used to estimate near-surface phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration. Production is then estimated from chlorophyll using either in situ calibration relationships or from empirical functional algorithms (e.g., Platt and Sathyendranth, 1988 Field et al., 1998). Such studies reveal a tremendous amount of temporal and spatial variability in ocean biological production. 

It has proved possible to convert CH2 to C=0 groups, even if they are not near any functional groups, indirectly, by the remote oxidation method of Breslow (see... 

---