Near-shore site

A battery of tests developed by Dutka et al. 1986 to test the sediments of near-shore sites of Lake Ontario (Canadian part) is used to exemplify the definitions and some results of HDT. In Lake Ontario 55 sediment samples were tested, thus, the set E contains 55 objects. Dutka et al. classified their results and used discrete scores instead of the measured (raw) data. For our analysis we have adopted their classification. Thus, s, denotes the score of the i-th test of the battery. Five specific tests form the actual battery (1) Fecal Coliforms FC , as an indicator designed to control the health state of the sediments, (2) Coprostanol CP and (3) Cholesterol CH both being indicators of loadings by fecals, (4) Microtox tests MT and (5) Genotoxicity tests GT disclosing some kind of acute toxicity and the potential for carcinogenicity, respectively (see Table 3). 

At near shore sites, dense surface scums can be formed or washed ashore. In consequence, close to the shoreline toxin concentrations can be measured that are orders of magnitudes higher than those measured in open water samples. For example, MC concentrations of up to 25,0(X) g/L were reported from river Flavel and Wannsee (Germany) at sites that are frequented at the same time by the local population for recreation. Swallowing even small amounts of such dense blooms constitutes a serious health risk to which especially children are exposed. 

Fig. 13 Chlorobornane congeners in the benthic and pelagic biota from Lake Superior. Bars represent arithmetic means SD, ng/g lipid wt, except for sediment (ng/g dry wt). Sediment concentrations in the lower panel are based on the average of top two slices from cores taken in Jackfish Bay (near shore) and at Site 80 (mid lake) in May 1998. Adapted from Muir et al. [74]...

In 1979 our laboratory began a seasonal survey of dissolved humic substances in the Gulf of Mexico. High and low productivity sites both near shore and far from land were chosen. The goal of this study was to obtain gram quantities of marine humic substances from each site and season of the... 

In natural aquatic systems, UVR is attenuated in the water column at a rate that generally corresponds to the concentration of DOC. Log-transformed, UV intensity values are linearly related to depth, and the slope of a best-fit line (examples are shown in Figure 6A) represents the rate at which radiation is attenuated [120-123]. Concentration and makeup of DOC can vary significantly among water bodies and over time, and the effect on subsurface UV-A can be dramatic [124-126]. For example, the absorption coefficient for a near-shore area in Lake Superior (near Duluth, MN, USA) was estimated to be —0.355 m whereas in a St. Louis Harbor (Duluth, MN, USA) PAH-contaminated site, the absorption slope was estimated to be —0.001 m (unpublished data. Figure 6A). The depth at which 50% of the above-surfaces UV-A intensity would... 

Figure 6. Absorption plots for UV-A radiation (plot A) and spectra at 50% UV penetration depth (plot B) for PAH-contaminated site in St. Louis Bay, Duluth, MN and a near-shore location in Lake Superior. The 50% penetration depths shown are 10 cm and 80 cm for the St. Louis Harbor and Lake Superior sites, respectively.

Furthermore, due to high nutrient load at points of direct sewage discharge, it was found that macrophytes like water hyacinth flourish best near shore. Several sites, like the Homa Bay, Hippo Point and River Kisati, receive high loads of untreated sewage and industrial wastes. Water hyacinth also flourishes at the off shore of these sites. 

Anomalously high concentrations of copper are found in marine areas adjacent to known sources such as sewage outfalls and waste disposal sites. Near shore values of 20 Mg/1 have been recorded6, for example, whereas open ocean concentrations initially determined by Fabricand, et al. were reports at less than 3.0 jug/17. ... 

OTEC power plants can be sited arywhere in the equatorial regions aroimd the world extending from roughly 10° north latitude to 10° south where warm water at the surface and cold water at depth are always available in the ocean. OTEC systems can be installed on ships or barges (plantships) that will cruise slowly on the tropical oceans. This will enable OTEC plantships to produce power and fuels anywhere on the tropical oceans, and provides a way for OTEC to make a vast potential contribution to world energy needs. OTEC plants canalso be installed on land or on the continental shelf at tropical sites where warm and deep cold water are available near shore. This option can add a renewable energy source to mary tropical islands and other suitable tropical sites. 

OTEC power may be supplied to users by direct transmission of electricity to on-shore cnstomers at sites where deep cold water is available near shore, or nsed on-board to produce a fuel or product that can shipped ashore and stored for later use in motor vehicles or electric power plants. OTEC plantships sited on the tropical oceans will nse electric power generated onboard to electrolyze water and form hydrogen based fuels, which will be stored temporarily and then shipped to world ports at monthly intervals. 

The bathymetry of the water bodies, in particular the detailed bathymetry of the near shore area fronting the plant site ... 

A tsunami is a train of water waves generated by impulsive disturbances of the water surface due to non-meteorological but geophysical phenomena such as submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, submarine slumps and landslides or ice falls into a body of water. The severity of the waves at the nuclear power plant will depend on the characteristics of the seabed movement, the location of the plant (whether it is near a fjord or bay) and the direction of movement with respect to the plant, and the response of the near shore waters to the tsunami waves. Depending on its location, the site might be subjected to damaging waves. 

Stabihty of the shoreline is an important factor in determining the acceptability of a site, in particular for sites on the shores of large bodies of water. The stabihty of the shoreUne near the site should be investigated together with effects of the nuclear power plant on the stability. 

The layout of an offshore wind farm is one of the critical elements influencing the risks associated with natural events (i.e., environmental risks) [19]. It is expected that, in general, the potential risks become more hkely to happen for wind farms located in ultra deep waters far offshore compared to installation in shallow waters near shore. Therefore, any improvement in offshore site layout will have a substantial impact on likelihood as well as consequences of environmental risks on offshore wind infrastructures. 

By combining the findings of Cacchione, Drake and the results reported here, a coherent model can be proposed to explain the deposition inventory of the radionuclides. The down-canyon current transports large quantities of sediment toward the radioactive waste disposal site at 4000 m. Within the upper canyon, fine material is transported the furthest. Near the mouth of the canyon, sediment erosion of the walls occurs due to the down-canyon currents meeting a proposed opposing on-shore bottom current. The eroded material from the walls is transported and the finer material is deposited in eddies formed where the two currents meet. 

This work demonstrated that AAR could give reasonable dates from smaller samples of bone than were necessary for radiocarbon, and had a time depth of at least 70 000 years, and possibly more if one of the more slowly racemizing amino acids such as alanine was used. The key paper came in 1974 (Bada et al., 1974), which published dates of between 6000 and 48 000 BP for various samples of human bone from the Californian coast (Table 8.1). The SDM (San Diego Museum) samples from site W-2 were from a shell midden near La Jolla excavated in 1926. Subsequently, it appears that 19 individual burials were recovered in a rescue operation from this site, known as La Jolla Shores SDM-16755 is thought to refer to more than one individual (La Jolla Shores I and II), with a third (La Jolla Shores III) identified as SDM-16740 (Taylor et al., 1985 Table 8.1). Site W-34 was located between Del Mar and Solano Beach, from a shell midden which had been largely destroyed by coastal... 

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