Depth vs. time

Each of these irradiation-induced effects can be evaluated in "separate effects" tests and their significance on crack propagation can be formulated. This extensive amount of work has been reviewed [122,123] and only the major conclusions are given. For instance, the effect of irradiation on corrosion potential and hence crack propagation is shown in Figure 18.33, which compares the observed and predicted crack depth vs. time relationships for thermally sensitized stainless steel specimens exposed in the unirradiated recirculation line and in an irradiated core instrumentation tube of a BWR. The observed and predicted effect of irradiation in increasing the crack propagation rate via its effect on the corrosion potential alone is apparent. 

Predicted crack depth vs. time response for cracks propagating in the beltline weld of a core shroud, illustrating the non-monotonic variation in crack propagation due to the competing effects of fast neutron irradiation on grain boundary sensitization and on residual stress relaxation. 

FIGURE 6.11 Representative baildown testing curve results using Gruszenski s (1987) method. Graphs of depth to product and depth to the product-water interface vs. time (a), and product thickness vs. time (b) are produced. 

FIGURE 6.12 Representative baildown testing curve results using Hughes et al. (1988) method where depth to top of product layer vs. time is produced. 

Fig. 3 a - c. Schematic diagram illustrating the decreasing source method for diffusion transport determination of any organic pollutant in solution or leached from complex mixtures, as follows a column setup b pollutant concentration vs time in source and collection reservoirs during the test c pollutant concentration in solid-pore water with depth from source after the test... 

Some results of the simulation experiment are given in Figures 6.5 and 6.6. Figure 6.5 shows the tendency vs. time of the average content of radionuclear pollution on the whole Arctic water area. The distribution with depth is represented by a three-layer model, upper waters (z < 1 km), deep water (z > 1 km), and sediments. Bottom depth is taken as 1.5 km. More realistic depth representations of both shallow seas and the deeper Arctic Basin will be considered in a future refinement of the model. The curves describe the vertical distribution with time of the radionuclide content in two water layers and in sediments. The transfer of radionuclides from upper water to deep water occurs at a speed which results in the reduction of radionuclear pollution in upper water by 43.3% over 20 years. Such distributions for each Arctic sea are given in Table 6.11. 

In the SIMS technique, an oxygen or cesium ion beam incident on the sample, sputters atoms from the surface. Either negatively or positively charged ions are mass analyzed and their density displayed as a function of sputter time. By using calibration standards, the density is calibrated as concentration/cm, and by measuring the sputter crater depth/ the time axis is converted to a distance axis, giving a dopant concentration vs. depth plot. 

FIGURE 4 Etched depth vs. anodisation time for the etching of p-type p-SiC in HF at a constant current... 

A simplified method of calculating the initiation time for chloride attack is to look at the progress of the chloride threshold through the concrete. By taking samples with depth it is possible to fit a parabolic curve to the chloride concentration (or more simply to fit a straight line to a plot of depth vs. the square root of chloride concentration) and to find the depth... 

Shown in Fig. 4.8 is the conversion dependence of (kt) as determined via SP-PLP for MA and DA homopolymerizations at 40°C and 100 MPa both in bulk and in solution of 40 wt% CO2. The pressure and temperature conditions were chosen such as to yield excellent signal-to-noise quality of the monomer concentration vs time (after firing the laser pulse) traces. For in-depth mechanistic studies, so-called mid-chain radicals have to be accounted for [45]. However, the... 

Figure 4.6 Maximum pit depth vs. exposure time for A1 MN 1.2 in an urban atmosphere. (From Ref. 1.)...

Figure 8. Hole Depth vs. Contact Time. Using an applied load of 149 nN, the sinking process is measured as a function of time. The depth of the hole increased with time in contact on PS 6.5 M, thickness = 350 nm).

FIG. 19 Crosslinked depth vs. treatment time for different gases argon 1, hydrogen 2, oxygen 3, nitrogen 4. Treatment power 60 W, pressure 13.3 Pa. (Adapted from... 

Figure 18 Theoretical and observed crack depth vs. operational time relationships for 28-inch-diameter schedule 80 type 304 stainless steel piping for two BWRs operating at different mean coolant conductivities. Note the bracketing of the maximum crack depth in the lower-puiity plant by the predicted curve that is based on the maximum residual stress profile and the predicted absence of observable cracking in the higher-purity plant (in 240 operating months).

Theoretical and observed crack depth vs. operational time relationships for 28 in. diameter schedule 80 Type 304 stainless steel piping for various BWRs operating at different mean coolant conductivities. 

Figure 5 Depth vs Weld time plot (a) at 20 pnipp (b) at 30 xn p) and (c) at 40 pnipp...

Heavy metals. The profiles of sediment and pollutant depositions and the relationships of concentrations with time have been reconstructed. For most metals the highest accumulations took place between the fifties and the sixties, when the fastest industrial development of Porto Marghera took place. In Figure 2 the concentration profiles of three of the most interesting metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) are plotted vs. depth. Data were "normalized" (i.e. divided) by the background levels, as metals have different natural presence in the environment. This leads to accumulation factors, referred to pre-industrial background values. Any derived data tell... 

This D value is IJbAwZ4, where UB, the sediment burial rate, is 2.0 x 10-7 m/h. It can be viewed as GBZB4, where GB is the total burial rate specified as Vs/tB where tB (residence time) is 50,000 h, and Vs (the sediment volume) is the product of sediment depth (0.01 cm) and area Aw. Z4, ZB4 are the Z values of the sediment solids and of the bulk sediment, respectively. Since there are 20% solids, ZB4 is about 0.2 Z4. There is a slight difference between these approaches because in the advection approach (which is used here) there is burial of water as well as solids. 

Fig. 9.2 8180 vs. depth for mollusk shells from a 17.4m-long drilling core from the Caribbean Sea showing systematic variation with time. Each of the saw-tooth patterns lasts 100,000 years and correlates with similar patterns at other ocean locations (Reprinted from Emiliani, C. et al. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 37, 349 (1978), copyright 1978 with permission from Elsevier)... 

Fig. 1. Simulated profile of conversion of double bonds in a multifunctional monomer vs polymerization time at different depths in the polymer (-, surface), (----, 1,4 mm), (---, 2.8 mm), and...

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