Near-infrared reflectance spectroscop

Williams, P., 1987. Variables affecting near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic analysis. In Williams, P. K. Norris (eds.) Near-infrared Technology in the Agricultural and Food Industries. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 143-167. 

Smeder B, Liljedahl S (1996) Market oriented identification of important properties in developing flax fibres for technical uses. Ind Crops Prod 5(2) 149-162 Sohn M, Barton F, Morrison W, Archibald D (2003) Application of partial least squares regression to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic determination of shive content in flax. Appl Spec-trosc 57(5) 551-556... 

American Association of Cereal Chemists. Approved Methods of the Association. 10th ed. The American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, Method 2000, p. 55-30. P. C. Williams. Variables affecting Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic Analysis. In Near-Infrared Technology in the Agriculture and Food Industries, 1st ed. Phil Williams, Karl Norris, co-eds. The American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, 1987, p. 157. 

E. Bouveresse, D.L. Massart and P. Dardenne, Calibration transfer across near-infrared spectroscopic instruments using Shenk s algorithm effects of different standardisation samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 297, 405 16 (1994). B.G. Osborne and T. Feam, Collaborative evaluation of universal cahbrations for the measurement of protein and moisture in flour by near-infrared reflectance, /. Food TechnoL, 18, 453 60 (1983). 

Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis (NIRA) is in use at over 5000 sites for the analysis of multiple constituents in food and other products. The technology is based upon correlation transform spectroscopy, which combines NIR spectrophotometry and computerized analysis of a "learning set" of samples to obtain calibrations without the need for detailed spectroscopic knowledge of factors being analyzed. The computer can obtain spectral characteristics of the analyte (based upon a correlation with data from an accepted reference analysis) without separation of the sample s constituents. 

Siesler HW, Ozaki Y, Kawata S, Heise HM. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Principles, Instruments and Applications. Weinheim, Germany Wiley, 2002. Wetzel DL. Near Infrared reflectance analysis Sleeper among the spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chem 1983 55(12) 1165A-1175A. 

Wetzel DL. Near infrared reflectance analysis sleeper among the spectroscopic techniques. Anal Chem 1983 55(12) 1165A-1175A. 

Comparison of Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis with Classical Spectroscopic Techniques... 

In contrast to the well-known difficulties of traditionally applied quantitative IR spectroscopy of mixtures in solid (powdered) samples, the near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) technique [32] has gained importance over the last decade and can now be implemented on a variety of commercially available Instruments In a number of applications to Industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical analyses. Both the NIRA instruments equipped with grating monochromators and those fitted with filter systems feature built—In microprocessors with software suited to the Intrinsic characteristics of this spectroscopic alternative. Filter Instruments generate raw optical data for only a few wave-... 

Karl is regarded as the father of modern near-infrared spectroscopic analysis. He was a major force in the development of the near-infrared reflection technology for the simple, accurate, rapid, and inexpensive testing of many quality characteristics of food and grains. This technology has now been widely accepted and has revolutionized the way many chemical analyses are performed. As one can see in the applications chapters that follow, the near-IR approach to the determination of sample composition now permeates nearly every industry. 

Unlike classical analytical spectroscopy performed on liquids or dilute solutions of analytes, diffuse reflectance measurement in the near-infrared must deal with a composite effect of spectroscopic absorption and scattering from the analyte and the matrix in which it is found. Differences in refractive indices of the sample material, specular reflection and observance of relatively small differences are all dealt with in this technique. 

One indication of the developing interest in PATs in the pharmaceutical area is the number of book chapters and review articles in this field that have appeared in the last few years. Several chapters in The Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy3 are related to the use of various optical spectroscopies in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. Warman and Hammond also cover spectroscopic techniques extensively in their chapter titled Process Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry in the text Pharmaceutical Analysis.4 Pharmaceutical applications are included in an exhaustive review of near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR) by Workman,5 as well as the periodic applications reviews of Process Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science in the journal Analytical Chemistry. The Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology has several chapters on spectroscopic methods of analysis, with the chapters on Diffuse Reflectance and Near-Infrared Spectrometry particularly highlighting on-line applications. There are an ever-expanding number of recent reviews on pharmaceutical applications, and a few examples are cited for Raman,7 8 NIR,9-11 and mid-IR.12... 

Thosar, S.S. Forbes, R.A. Ebube, Y.C. etal., A comparison of reflectance and transmittance near-infrared spectroscopic techniques in determining drug content in intact tablets Pharm. Dev. Tech. 2001, 6, 19-29. 

Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy / 3375 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Fluorescence Spectroscopy / 3387 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Infrared Spectroscopy / 3405 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Mass Spectrometry / 3419 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Near-Infrared Spectrometry / 3434 Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / 3440... 

G. E. Ritchie, L. Gehrlein, and E. W. Ciurczak, Simultaneous Development, Validation and Implementation of a Near-Infrared (NIR) Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopic Identification Method For Pharmaceutically Active And Inactive (Placebo) Clinical Dosage Forms, Proc. PittCon, New Orleans, March, 2000. 

Ritchie, G. E., Gehrlein, L., and Ciurczak, E. W. Simultaneous development, validation and implementation of a near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopic identification method for pharmaceutically active and inactive (placebo) clinical dosage forms. In Pittsburgh Conference of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 2000, New Orleans, LA. 

Several spectroscopic and nonspectroscopic techniques may be used to study the bonding nature of the adsorbate to the surface [2a, 4]. In the first case we want to emphasize the importance of diffuse reflectance techniques for absorption and emission studies in the ultraviolet (UV), Visible (Vis), and near infrared (NIR) spectral ranges. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the second group, we refer the heat adsorption and the isotherm adsorption techniques, among others. 

Nonpulsatile optical spectroscopy has been used for more than half a century for noninvasive medical assessment, such as in the use of multiwavelength tissue analysis for oximetry and skin reflectance measurement for bilirubin assessment in jaundiced neonates. These early applications have found some limited use, but with modest impact. Recent investigations into new nonpulsatile spectroscopy methods for assessment of deep-tissue oxygenation (e.g., cerebral oxygen monitoring), for evaluation of respiratory status at the cellular level, and for the detection of other critical analytes, such as glucose, may yet prove more fruitful. The former applications have led to spectroscopic studies of cytochromes in tissues, and the latter has led to considerable work into new approaches in near-infrared analysis of intact tissues. 

Among the optical analysis methods, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is the most popular method because of its non-destructive nature, the low operating cost and the fast response times (Armenia et al., 2007), and it also has been successfully applied to quality control in food (Pi et al., 2009 Leroy et al., 2003 Subbiah et al., 2008), petrochemical, pharmaceutical, clinical and biomedical and environmental sectors (Ripoll et al., 2008). Near-infrared (0.7-2.5pm 12900-4000cm-i) spectroscopy is further classified into NIR reflectance spectroscopy and NIR transmission spectroscopy. NIR can be non-dispersive (filter-based instrumentation), dispersive and use Fourier transform-based instrumentation. Table 1 lists some NIR spectroscopic applications suitable for pesticides determination. All these researches have shown the possibility and reasonability for determination of pesticide concentration using NIR spectroscopy. 

Figure 7 NIR reflectance spectra (second derivatives) for albumin, globulins, and urea. Total serum protein may be quantified by the intensity of the serum absorption at 2064 nm, corresponding to minima (absorption maxima) in the albumin and globulin second-derivative spectra. (Adapted by permission of Elsevier Science from J.W. HaU, A. Pollard, Near-infrared Spectroscopic Determination of Serum Total Proteins, Albumin, Globulins, and Urea , Clinical Biochemistry, 483-490, Vol. 26, 1993 by the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists.)...

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