Transmission spectroscopy

Fig. 4 Osmium clusters supported on MgO(OOl) a OssC/MgisOs and b OS5C at a surface point Vs defect site [33] these were represented by density functional theory, and the samples were characterized by EXAFS spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and other techniques [15]...

Usually bimetallic nanoparticles as well as monometallic ones are characterized by many probing tools such as UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), EXAFS, infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO (CO-IR), and so on [1,2]. 

Infrared Spectroscopy Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (DRS, DRIFT) Infrared Emission Spectroscopy (IRES)... 

The experimental techniques described above of charge—discharge and impedance are nondestructive. Tear-down analysis or disassembly of spent cells and an examination of the various components using experimental techniques such as Raman microscopy, atomic force microscopy, NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, XAS, and the like can be carried out on materials-spent battery electrodes to better understand the phenomena that lead to degradation during use. These techniques provide diagnostic techniques that identify materials properties and materials interactions that limit lifetime, performance, and thermal stabiity. The accelerated rate calorimeter finds use in identifying safety-related situations that lead to thermal runaway and destruction of the battery. 

Infrared spectroscopy Transmission infrared spectroscopy Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) Attenuated total reflection (ATR)... 

KEYWORDS carbon nanotubes doped nanotubes double-walled nanotubes Raman spectroscopy transmission electron microscopy... 

Synthesis of alloyed silver-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles was achieved by /-irradiation of aqueous solutions containing a mixture of Ag and Pd metal ions using different Ag/Pd ratios. The synthesis of alloys implies the simultaneous radio-induced reduction of silver and palladium ions. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The Ag-Pd nanoparticles display a face-centered cubic (fee) crystalline structure. The lattice parameter was measured for several Ag/Pd ratios and was found to closely follow Vegard s law, which indicates the formation of homogeneous alloys. In order to avoid the simultaneous reduction of silver and palladium ions which leads to alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles. 

Several industrially prepared catalysts of this type had almost all the clusters in the zeolite pores, as shown by EXAFS spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and hydrogen chemisorption (Table 2) EXAFS spectra indicate first-shell Pt-Pt coordination numbers of 4-5, indicating clusters of, on average, about 5-12 atoms. Dark field electron micrographs [30] have led to similar conclusions for industrially prepared catalysts. 

Spectroscopy. Transmission and ATR IR spectra were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer Model 180 or 621 spectrometer. Absorption spectra were obtained on a Cary 14 spectrophotometer, while ESR spectra were obtained with a Varlan V-4502 spectrometer in the manner described elsewhere ( ). X-ray photoelectron spectra of the etched and unetched films were provided by Surface Science Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif., using a Hewlett-Packard Model 5950 ESCA spectrometer. Some films were also examined with an International Scientific Instruments Model MSM-2 "Minl-Sem" scanning electron microscope. 

In our opinion the paper by Moses et al. [36] on the scintillation mechanisms in CeF.3 is a fine example of how scintillators should be studied from a fundamental point of view. A combination of techniques was u.sed, viz. (time-resolved) luminescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission spectroscopy, and the excitation region was extended up to tens of eV by using synchrotron radiation. Further, powders as well as crystals with composition Lai-xCexFy were investigated,... 

These coated glasses can be used as working electrodes [optically transparent electrodes (OTE)] in standard three-electrode arrangements provided that both glass and coating are chemically and electrochemically stable and inert in the used electrolyte solution and the applied range of electrode potentials. The use of a modified infrared spectroscopy transmission cell equipped with quartz windows for UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry has been described [18]. Platinum layers deposited onto the quartz served as an optically transparent working electrode and an additional platinum layer served as a pseudo-reference electrode. A counter electrode outside the thin layer zone (in one of the tubes used for solution supply) served as a counter... 

FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy transmission, diffuse reflection (DRIFTS), and attenuated total reflection (ATR) Identiflcation/structure of (adsorbed) species, adsorbate-adsorbent interaction... 

The Si wafers ((111) p-type with 2-11 icm) were galvanostatically etched in 1 1 2 HF (40 %)/H20/Et0H (98 %) at 30 mA/cm for 10 min. After etching the PSLs were washed with deionized water, dried under vacuum and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy (transmission FTIR). 

Alel] Mossbauer spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction 25-35 mass% Co, 1.5-2 mass% Cr, Fe = bal. 300-525°C spinodal decomposition of bcc phase... 

To investigate the processes at the second stage of obtaining metal/ carbon nanocomposites X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy are applied. 

The process starts with the preparation of polymer solutions, for instance, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and metal compounds, for instance, 3d-metal chlorides. Afterwards, the solutions with a certain concentration are mixed in the ratio PVA-metal chloride equals to 20 1-1 5 (better 5 1). Then the prepared solutions are dried till they obtain gel-like colored films with further temperature elevation up to 100°C. The films obtained are controlled by spectral photometry, and also with help of transmission optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the film color changes to black, the films are heated in the furnace according to the following program 100-200-300-400°C. As a result, the dark porous semiproduct with many microcracks is formed, that is milled in spherical or jet mill. The nanopowder obtained is steamed and dispersed in hot water. After filtration, the powder is dried and tested with the help of Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron microdiffraction. 

---