Natural killer cells, characterization

In addition to these well-characterized adaptive immune defenses, amphibians have an array of innate immune defenses. These include complement-mediated defenses [13], Natural Killer cells (NK) [14], phagocytic cells [15], and antimicrobial peptides secreted into the gut and skin mucosa [16, 17],... 

Several cytokines have been characterized at the molecular level in different species of marine mammals (Table 23.2). In addition, limited evidence exists for conserved functionality of cytokines in marine mammals, such as the ability of human recombinant IL-2 to stimulate T cell proliferation [32, 33] and natural killer cell activity [39,40] in beluga whales and harbor seals. Assays were developed to quantify circulating levels of cytokines [41,42], as well as C-reactive protein, a marker of acute inflammation [43],... 

Carson W-E, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA CDSe " natural killer cell subsets characterization of distinct functional responses to interleukin-2 and the c-kit ligand. Fur J Immunol 1997 27 354-360. 

Nykjaer A, Petersen CM, Moller B, Andreasen PA, Gliemann J. Identification and characterization of urokinase receptors in natural killer cells and T-cell-derived lympho-kine activated killer cells. FEBS Lett 1992 300(1) 13—17. 

Apte RS, Niederkorn JY (1996) Isolation and characterization of a unique natural killer cell inhibitory factor present in the anterior chamber of the eye. J Immunol 156 2667—2673. 

Interferons were first characterized as antiviral proteins produced by host cells. Later it was found that interferons had antiproliferative activity and also served as modulating agents for macrophages and natural killer cells. 

Chan, S.H., Perussia, B., Gupta, J.W., Kobayashi, M., Pospisil, M., Young, H.A., Wolf, S.F., Young, D., Clark, S.C. and Trinchieri, G. (1991). Induction of interferon 7 production by natural killer cell stimulatory fiictor characterization of the responder cells and synergy with other inducers. J. Exp. Med. 173, 369-904. 

A gene product specific for natural killer cells in mice and humans has been characterized as a PPIase of the cyclophilin family.59 CyP-NK appears to be important in NK-cell cytotoxicity. This multiple domain protein contains a large hydrophobic domain in the N-terminus followed... 

Borysiewicz LK, Rodgers B, Morris S, Graham S, Sissons JG (1985) Lysis of human cytomegalovirus infected fibroblasts by natural killer cells demonstration of an interferon-independent component requiring expression of early viral proteins and characterization of effector cells. J Immunol 134 2695-2701... 

The RAF receptor is a MW 48 kD, G-protein-coupled single 342 amino acid protein that shows structural characteristics of the rhodopsin gene family. The human, guinea pig, and rat receptors have been cloned and characterized as a seven-transmembrane receptor that induces phos-phoinositol turnover. The receptor shows wide tissue distribution being expressed in lung, kidney, liver, spleen, small intestine, and brain. In leukocytes, it is expressed on platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and B cells but not on resting T cells and natural killer cell lines. Human monocytes treated with IFN-y show a two- to sixfold increase in RAF receptor expression compared to untreated cells. 

Katchar K, Soderstrom K, Wahlstrom J, et al. Characterization of natural killer cells and CD56+ T-cells in sarcoidosis patients. Eur Respir J 2005 26(l) 77-85. 

Chan SH, Perussia B, Gupta JW, et al. Induction of interferon y production by natural killer cell stimulatory factor characterization of the responder cells and synergy with other inducers. J Exp Med 1991 173 869. 

T cell development, similar to B cell ontogeny, can also be divided into stages based on antigen expression (Table 4) extrathymic precursor, prothymocyte, immature thymocyte, common thymocyte, mature thymocyte, and mature peripheral T cell. However, while the early stages of T cell development are well characterized, the later stages of T cell differentiation, that is, those of the mature peripheral T cell, have not been fully delineated (C3, F12, H13, K15, K16, K20, R6-R8,V3, V4). Furthermore, although natural killer (NK) cells are closely related to T cells (S21), the stages of differentiation of this lymphoid cell population are not completely understood. 

Natural-killer (NK) cells are a class of lymphocytes distinct in their ability to identify and kill transformed self-cells without priming. Recognition is via receptors that bind unique but common surface molecules induced on these cells. These properties characterize NK cells as unique effectors for use in immunotherapy. 

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