Natriuretic peptide/factor

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, a-Atrial natriuretic peptide [85637-73-6] (ANP) (55), also known as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (56), and type C natriuretic peptide (CNP) (57) are members of the ANP family (28). These atrial peptides arise from a common 128 amino acid precursor where the active form of ANP is the 28 amino acid peptide at the C terminus. 

Natriuretic Peptide Diuretics. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an endogenous diuretic, natriuretic, and vasodilator, is a peptide hormone primarily synthesized and stored by atrial cardiocytes, and secreted by the atria in response to mechanical stretch of the atria. It was discovered in the cmde extracts of atria in 1981 (51). ANP is also known as anaritide [95896-08-5] atrial natriuretic factor [104595-79-1] (ANF) auriculin ... 

Endothelial cells are the major source of ET-1-synthesis. ET-1 is also produced by astrocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, renal epithelial and mesangial cells. Physiological stimuli of ET-1-synthesis in endothelial cells are angiotensin II, catecholamines, thrombin, growth factors, insulin, hypoxia and shear stress. Inhibitors of ET-1 synthesis are atrial natriuretic peptide, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin. ET-2 is mainly synthesized in kidney, intestine, myocardium and placenta and ET-3 is predominantely produced by neurons, astrocytes and renal epithelial cells. 

ANAb Anti-nuclear antibodies ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto antibodies cANCA Cytoplasmic ANCA pANCA Perinuclear ANCA AND Anaphylactic degranulation ANF Atrial natriuretic factor ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide Anti-I-A, Anti-I-E Antibody against class II MHC molecule encoded by I-A locus, I-E locus, anti-lg Antibody against an immunoglobulin... 

Hypoperfusion of skeletal muscles leads to fatigue, weakness, and exercise intolerance. Decreased perfusion of the central nervous system (CNS) is related to confusion, hallucinations, insomnia, and lethargy. Peripheral vasoconstriction due to SNS activity causes pallor, cool extremities, and cyanosis of the digits. Tachycardia is also common in these patients and may reflect increased SNS activity. Patients will often exhibit polyuria and nocturia. Polyuria is a result of increased release of natriuretic peptides caused by volume overload. Nocturia occurs due to increased renal perfusion as a consequence of reduced SNS renal vasoconstrictive effects at night. In chronic severe HF, unintentional weight loss can occur which leads to a syndrome of cardiac cachexia. This results from several factors, including loss of appetite, malabsorption due to gastrointestinal edema, elevated metabolic rate, and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. 

Indicate the source, factors regulating the release, and physiological significance of the following vasodilators prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and atrial natriuretic peptide... 

There are seven membrane forms of GC, designated GC-A to GC-G [33], Two forms, GC-A and GC-B (Mr = 120kDa), serve as receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and related peptides. ANP is a 28-amino-acid peptide isolated originally from cardiac atria as an important factor in the regulation of sodium excretion and blood pressure. GC-A binds ANP, as well as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and is located in vascular tissue and kidney. 

The neurohormonal model of HF recognizes that an initiating event (e.g., acute MI) leads to decreased cardiac output but that the HF state then becomes a systemic disease whose progression is mediated largely by neurohormones and autocrine/paracrine factors. These substances include angiotensin II, norepinephrine, aldosterone, natriuretic peptides, arginine vasopressin, proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor a, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 ft), and endothelin-1. 

In addition to its pump function, the heart is also a secretory organ. Cardiac cells produce two small peptides, the natriuretic factors, which oppose the vasoconstrictive actions of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) from the sympathetic nervous system and of the peptide angiotensin II. By causing vasodilation and natriuresis (increased excretion of sodium in the urine), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secreted from the atria and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) secreted by both atria and probably more significantly, from the ventricles, reduce blood pressure. The stimulus to secretion of natriuretic peptides is wall stretch of the chambers of the heart, indicating volume and pressure overload of the vascular system. A third member of the natriuretic peptide family, CNP, is secreted by endothelial cells. 

ANF Atrial natriuretic factor (also ANP atrial natriuretic peptide)... 

R. W. Lappe, R. L. Wendt (1986). Atrial natriuretic factor. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 21 273-281. K. Nakao, Y. Ogawa, S. Suga, H. Imura (1992). Molecular biology and biochemistry of the natriuretic peptide system. II Natriuretic peptides. J. Hypertens. 10 907. 

The expression of the ET-1 gene is increased by growth factors and cytokines, including transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) and interleukin 1 (IL-1), vasoactive substances including angiotensin II and vasopressin, and mechanical stress. Expression is inhibited by nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and atrial natriuretic peptide. 

Antihuman atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in serum 1997 C Factor (time) 10 (IPCR 5 hours, IRMA 2-3 days) Numata et al. [99]... 

Atrial natriuretic peptide (= ANP Atrial natriuretic factor ANF)] (protein) Animals ex stressed heart Activates PM GC (ANPR-A ANPR-B) - via NPR-A NPR-B (guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptors) induces plant stomatal opening inhibited by GC inhibitors LY83583 Methylene blue... 

Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) a hormone that is released by cardiac cells following a high blood pressure. It is involved in the control of water, sodium and adiposity. It is also known as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and atriopeptin. 

ATRIOPEPTIN-28 (HUMAN) CARPERITIDE HORSE ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE-28 HUMAN ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR (99-126) a-hmn ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE HUMAN ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (1-28) (99-126) HUMAN ATRIOPEPTIN(l-28) HUMAN ATRIOPEPTIN(99-126) (99-126)-hmn PROATRIOPEPTIN SUN-4936 TRIO-PEPTIN (HUMAN a-COMPONENT)... 

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE RECEPTOR AGONISTS include ANP itself (also called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), or atrlopeptin), a peptide made up of 28 amino acids and is contained in secretory granules in heart atrial cells. ANP is released in response to stretch in the atria, as occurs with increased central venous pressure, thus signalling volume overload in the circulation. The peptide has an effect on the kidney leading to increased Na and water excretion, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and modified release of a number of other hormones and neurotransmitters. There are at least three related endogenous peptides ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide),... 

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