Brain natriuretic peptide

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, a-Atrial natriuretic peptide [85637-73-6] (ANP) (55), also known as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (56), and type C natriuretic peptide (CNP) (57) are members of the ANP family (28). These atrial peptides arise from a common 128 amino acid precursor where the active form of ANP is the 28 amino acid peptide at the C terminus. 

Urodilantin, a 32-amino acid natriuretic peptide synthesized by the kidney and found in urine but not in plasma, is beheved to compHcate the interpretation of the natriuretic effects of ANP (58). There have been reports of natriuretic peptides related to ANP that have been isolated from several sources, including the brain, eg, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) [114471-18-0] (59—61). 

Human brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a small peptide of 32 amino acids used in the treatment of congestive heat failure. How many nitrogen bases are present in the DNA that codes for BNP ... 

A-Z Health Guide from WebMD. Medical Tests Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Test. Available at www.webmd.com/hw/ heart disease/uxl072.asp accessed November 21, 2005. 

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are members of a family of so-called natriuretic peptides, synthesized predominantly in the cardiac atrium, ventricle, and vascular endothelial cells, respectively (G13, Y2). ANP is a 28-amino-acid polypeptide hormone released into the circulation in response to atrial stretch (L3). ANP acts (Fig. 8) on the kidney to increase sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to antagonize renal vasoconstriction, and to inhibit renin secretion (Ml). In the cardiovascular system, ANP antagonizes vasoconstriction and shifts fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment (G14). In the adrenal cortex, ANP is a powerful inhibitor of aldosterone synthesis (E6, N3). At the hypothalamic level, ANP inhibits vasopressin secretion (S3). It has been shown that some of the effects of ANP are mediated via a newly discovered hormone, called adreno-medullin, controlling fluid and electrolyte homeostasis (S8). The diuretic and blood pressure-lowering effect of ANP may be partially due to adrenomedullin (V5). 

There are seven membrane forms of GC, designated GC-A to GC-G [33], Two forms, GC-A and GC-B (Mr = 120kDa), serve as receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and related peptides. ANP is a 28-amino-acid peptide isolated originally from cardiac atria as an important factor in the regulation of sodium excretion and blood pressure. GC-A binds ANP, as well as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and is located in vascular tissue and kidney. 

Once vasodilatation was considered to be a good strategy, as it improves HF symptoms. However later studies showed that the disease itself was not influenced. The accent of HF treatment has moved to progression prevention with rigorous suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Therapy with /3-blockers was also proven to be effective for the reduction of mortality. These treatments should be started early and the evaluation of their effectiveness in individual patients is difficult. As brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced by the heart and more BNP is released in heart failure, the measurement of BNP in the blood has become popular as surrogate marker for the severity of heart failure and for the response of treatment for heart failure. 

Nicholls MG, Lainchbury JG, Richards AM, Troughton RW, Yandle TG. Brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy for heart failure. Ann Med 2001 33(6) 422-7. 

Natriuretic peptides are naturally occurring substances in the body that oppose the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. The natriuretic peptide family consists of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). All three natriuretic peptides are synthesized from cleavage of a larger precursor polypeptide. In the ventricles and brain, the synthesis of BNP predominates ANP is synthesized by cardiac myocytes predominately in the atria and CNP is synthesized in the brain, blood vessels, and kidney. 

Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentrations, plasma aldosterone, heart failure hemodynamic measurements, clinical symptoms of heart failure, routine blood chemistries, blood pressure for hypotension and pulse rate for abnormalities (hypotension is dose-limiting/dose-dependent)... 

Synthesis of Porcine Brain Natriuretic Peptide (pBNP-32) Using Path B (Scheme 2) lfi ... 

Synthesis of Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide (hBNP) 951... 

The atria and other tissues of mammals contain a family of peptides with natriuretic, diuretic, vasorelaxant, and other properties. The family includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). The peptides share a common 17-amino-acid disulfide ring with variable C- and N-terminals (Figure 17-5). A fourth peptide, urodilatin, has the same structure as ANP with an extension of four amino acids at the N-terminal. 

Structures of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Sequences common to the peptides are indicated in green. 

Of 143 patients (62) studied retrospectively, eight stopped taking treatment because of significant peripheral edema, one had an exacerbation of cardiac failure, and one reported myalgia. HbAlc, lipid profiles, and blood pressure improved. In 38 patients taking pioglitazone brain natriuretic peptide, which may play a role in fluid retention, did not rise (63). 

Igarashi M, Jimbu, Y, Hirato A, Yamaguchi H, Kato T, Tominaga M. Effect of pioglitazone on the plasma concentration of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ther Res 2003 24 1873-81. 

A synthetic form of the endogenous peptide brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has recently been approved for use in acute cardiac failure as nesiritide. This recombinant product increases cGMP in smooth muscle cells and effectively reduces venous and arteriolar tone in experimental preparations. It also causes diuresis. The peptide has a short half-life of about 18 minutes and is administered as a bolus intravenous dose followed by continuous infusion. Excessive hypotension is the most common adverse effect. Measurement of endogenous BNP has been proposed as a diagnostic test because plasma concentrations rise in most patients with heart failure. 

Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H (1988) Brain natriuretic peptide-32 N-terminal six amino acid extended form of brain natriuretic peptide identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155 726-32... 

Yu YC, Cao LH, Yang XL (2006) Modulation by brain natriuretic peptide of GABA receptors on rat retinal ON-type bipolar cells. J Neurosci 26 696-707 Zhang J, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Snyder SH (1994) Nitric oxide activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in neurotoxicity. Science 263 687-9... 

Biomarkers help establish the presence of myocardial necrosis. There are nearly two dozen biomarkers currently under study Most experience is with creatinine kinase, creatinine kinase MB, troponin I or 7) and myoglobin, Others are under study (Fig. I) (3). Two other biomarkers currently available are C-reactive protein (CRP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), Even minor elevations of troponin I orT have had prognostic importance, In the tactics TIMI 18 study, troponin levels between 0,1 ng/mL and more than 1,5 ng/mL were found in 60% of the 1821 patients (9), In this study, troponin... 

Predictors of risk, multimarker strategy, and therapeutic implications listed for their contribution to the atherosclerotic process. Abbreviations BNP, brain natriuretic peptide CRP, C-reactive protein NT, N-terninal. Source From Ref. 3. 

Nakamura, T., Suzuki, T., Kawagoe, Y., Koide, H. Polymyxin B-immobilizcd fiber hemoperfusion attenuates increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic Peptide levels in patients with septic shock. ASAIO J 54 (2008) 210-213. 

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