Nations approach enforcement

Some of the already existing mechanisms used to enforce international norms could support the implementation of the nations approach. The same types of international sanctions that exist now could be employed to secure the compliance of states that... 

The Alkali Act of 1863 required that 95 per cent of the emissions of hydrogen chloride be abated and a national inspectorate was set up to enforce the legislation (NSCA, 1998). Later acts charged the inspectorate with the regulation of other types of industrial pollution, but it retained its name of The Alkali Inspectorate until 1983, when it became Her Majesty s Industrial Air Pollution Inspectorate (NSCA, 1998, p5). The approach of the Alkali Act, of allowing industry to cause pollution, but setting constraints and limits over how much pollution it can emit, has become the standard UK approach to pollution control. 

An analytical method must be properly validated if it is to be used at the national level for enforcement purposes. Validated methods stand on their own merits in contested legal actions in national courts. This situation has been recognized by all nations and international organizations. Initiatives to harmonize method validation criteria and approaches are currently being considered. 

Perl, Raphael. Drug Control International Policy and Approaches. Washington, D.C. Congressional Research Service, 2003. Also available online. URL http //www.thememoryhole.org/crs/IB88093.pdf. This brief report provides an overview of current U.S. policies toward narcotics-producing nations with regard to eradication of narcotic crops, interdiction, law enforcement, international cooperation, sanctions and economic assistance, and development of institutions. This is followed by a discussion of policy issues involving e.xpansion of efforts in these various areas. 

Meanwhile the federal government had not been idle, and its activities betray a similar shift to a more centralized approach to environmental matters. The Federal Clean Air Act of 1963, its amendments in 1965, and the Air Quality Acts of 1967 and 1970 put the federal government prominently into the picture. The 1970 legislation requires the implementing of ambient air standards set by the federal Environmental Protection Agency. A strict and tight enforcement schedule is intended to solve the nation s pollution problems from stationary sources in three to five years. 

This document describes the GHS. It contains harmonized classification criteria and hazard communication elements. In addition, guidance is included in the document to assist countries and organizations in the development of tools for implementation of the GHS. The GHS is designed to permit self-classification. The provisions for implementation of the GHS allow the uniform development of national policies, while remaining flexible enough to accommodate any special requirements that might have to be met. Furthermore, the GHS is intended to create user-friendly approach, to facilitate the work of enforcement bodies and to reduce the administrative burden. 

After the new standards were set, states had to resubmit SIPs. This time, the SIP was required to establish the approach for attaining the NAAQS within 3yr. The NAAQS were more aggressive than previous legislation. In addition, uniform standards also stifled interstate competitions. Table 2 lists the NAAQS of key contaminants for the most commonly used sampling intervals. Refer to 42 USC 7408(a)(1) for other sampling intervals. To provide more uniform enforcement of the new regulations, the National Air Pollution Control Administration was eliminated and all of the responsibilities transferred to the EPA. 

For most products and machines, the self-declaration process (module A) is possible. In practice the manufacturer performs the complete product assessment according to EU standards, issues the declaration, and affixes the CE marking to the product. A technical file or documentation must also be available on demand for national enforcement authorities. Keep in mind that this is an internal self-assessment process, a do-it-yourself approach, that results in issuance of the manufacturer s declaration of conformity and the CE marking (Figure 2-6). The buyer may demand proof of safety/EMC compliance in the form of a mark, certificate, or test report from a European notified or competent body. 

When a product becomes suspect the national enforcement authority will typically use the EN or equivalent national standards (usually with the help of a notified body) to evaluate the product s conformity or lack thereof. Taking any route other than the harmonized standards approach may work against diose who do not conform with the recognized standards, since compliance with these standards is universally recognized and expected by the enforcement authorities, notified bodies, and customers. 

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