National Approaches

In politics, a visionary quo given in exchange for a substantial quid  

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W. Draber and T. Fujita, eds., National Approaches to Structure, Activity, andEcotoxicology of Agrochemicals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1992. 

To summarize, the templates continue to function as the seminal documents that help to create a more unified national approach to the development of hydrogen and fuel cell codes and standards. The templates and the National Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Codes and Standards Coordinating Committee that was formed to manage the templates have created a "virtual national forum" for SDOs, CDOs, industry, government, and other interested parties to address codes and standards issues, both immediate and long-term. 

Examples of these issues include the current uncertainty over the scope of the Directive s general exemption for polymers the precise interpretation of the exclusions for pesticides and medicinal products conflicting national approaches... 

Such reform for the post-2012 period would require the Directive to be fundamentally renegotiated in relation to allocation procedures. Such renegotiation is neither feasible nor necessary for phase II operation. Rather, phase II should be a period in which diverse national approaches build experience, whilst the profits potentially accruing to participating sectors can be used to protect market share and jump-start their investments for a globally carbon-constrained future. 

How do the different national approaches affect EU decision-making ... 

Previous research on chemicals policy and regulation identifies the following variables as affecting each factor that defines a national approach [27, 31-33, 151, 262] ... 

If France, Germany, Sweden and the UK adopt different regulatory approaches, this research seeks to uncover which role these Member States have in the adoption of different types of EU legislation. It follows that this research must first establish if the regulatory approach of a Member State is consistent with its approach to EU decision-making. With the advent of REACH, the question now arises as to what effect these national approaches may have on REACH implementation, and what effect REACH will have on national approaches. 

A pilot study conducted between January and March 2004 confirmed that interviews could generate sufficient data to characterise the national approaches and relevant EU decision-making processes. 

Vi O Vi >> B National approaches Analysis of the regulatory approaches for the four countries Findings presented in Chapter 4... 

Evaluation of the framework based on national approaches Chapter 6... 

The soft-systems analytical framework facilitated the comparing and contrasting of national approaches, as well as interviewee perspectives of EU decision-making and REACH. In total, the results of these processes formed the basis for proposing a framework for decision-making under REACH. 

Chapter 4 National approaches and Chapter 5 Systems framework ... 

The following sections of this Chapter will explore national regulatory approaches and how these approaches have evolved. Contrasts between the national approaches are most evident by the fundamental differences in the roles of the national actors (an overview of the findings are shown in Table 4.2). The resulting relationships between regulators and the stakeholder groups surveyed in this research will also be examined (indicated by shading in Table 4.2). 

Analysing national approaches allows for evaluation of the policy styles of the regulatory authorities. Because policy style influences how authorities set and implement regulation [377], they determine the efficiency and effectiveness of chemical risk management. An analysis of policy style also provides a basis for examining why the relationship between the national actors varies to such a large extent between the four countries. The overall position of each national approach is shown schematically in Figure 4.1 [376, 378]. 

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