National prevalence

National prevalence estimates of problem drug use in the EU and Norway, 1996-98... 

In the United States the national prevalence of analgesic nephropathy is not well documented. In the 1980 s, local studies showed incidences, ranging from 1.7 in Philadelphia and 2.8% in Washington D.C. to 10% in Northwest North Carolina [34,56,... 

K Whittington, R Briones, National Prevalence and Incideice Study 6-year sequential acute care data , Adv Skin Wound Care, 200417 490-494. 

To verify whether ID consumption rates assessed from measurement of drag residues in wastewater were in tine with official epidemiological data, estimates of ID consumption obtained by wastewater analysis in Milan, Lugano, and London, were compared with national prevalence figures obtained from population surveys in Italy, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (Fig. 16.2). Comparison of the results showed... 

A.H. Liu, R. Jaramillo, S.H. Sicherer, et al., National prevalence and risk factors for food allergy and relationship to asthma results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006, J. AUergy Chn. Immunol. 126 (4) (2010) 798-806. H.S. Koren, D.E. Graham, R.B. Delvin, Exposure of humans to a volatile organic mixture. 111. Inflammatory response, Arch. Environ. Health 47 (1) (1992) 39-44. 

The United States obtained about 9 percent of its electricity from combined heat and power (cogeneration) systems as of 1997. Cogeneration is more prevalent in some European nations than in the... 

The 1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES), based on interviews with a national probability household sample of nearly 43,000 adults age 18 years and older, showed the 1-year prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder to be 7.4% (i.e., 3.0% with alcohol abuse and 4.4% with alcohol dependence) (Grant et al. 1994). Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a community-based survey of nearly 43,000 individuals conducted in 2001—2002 (Grant... 

Grant BF, Harford TC Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression results of a national survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 39 197-206, 1995 Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, et al The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend 74 223-234, 2004a... 

Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 807-816, 2004b... 

Prevalence of benzodiazepine use and abuse can be estimated by national and cross-national sutveys of the general population and of populations in medical clinics, psychiatric institutions, and chemical dependency tteatment units. 

Mellinger GD, Balter MB Prevalence and patterns of use of psychotropic drugs results from a 1979 national survey of American adults, in Epidemiological Impact of Psychotropic Drugs Proceedings of International Seminar on Psychotropic Drugs. Edited by Tognomi G, Bellantuono C, Lader M. Amsterdam, North Holland, 1981, pp 117-... 

Sheikh A. Hippisley-Cox J. Newton J, Fenty J Trends in national incidence, lifetime prevalence and adrenaline prescribing for anaphylaxis in England. J R Soc Med 2008 101 139-143. 

Further detailed analyses of the ECA data have been extrapolated to USA national costs (Rice and Miller, 1998). It was calculated that the economic costs of mental disorders in 1990 in the USA totalled US 147.8 billion. Anxiety disorders were the most cosdy, amounting to 46.6 billion, just under a third of the total. Direct costs spent on mental health care totalled 67 billion, of which anxiety disorders accounted for only 11 billion (16.5%). Drug costs were 2191 million, of which anxiety disorders accounted for 1167 million—over half Morbidity costs—the value of goods and services not produced because of mental disorders — amounted to 63.1 billion, with anxiety disorders accounting for 34.2 billion, 54.2% of the total. This reflects the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in the community and the high associated rate of lost productivity. In contrast, patients with affective disorders appeared better able to function (Rice and Miller, 1995). In summary, anxiety disorders are common, disruptive and costly to society drug treatment is a substantial element of treatment costs (11%) compared with, say, schizophrenia (2.2%). 

The advent of novel atypical antipsychotic drugs has sharpened the debate in the UK about the cost burden of schizophrenia to the National Health Service (NHS) and the relative cost-effectiveness of these drugs. Schizophrenia has a prevalence of about 0.5% and a lifetime risk of 1%. Because the disease affects adolescents and has a lifetime course associated with a high degree of hospital and social... 

The prevalence of hypertension differs based on age, sex, and ethnicity. As individuals become older, their risk of high blood pressure increases. Individuals 55 years of age who do not have hypertension are estimated to have a lifetime risk of 90% of eventually developing hypertension. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2000 indicated that hypertension is slightly more prevalent in men (30.1%) than women (27.1%). However, the prevalence increased by 5.6% in women and has remained unchanged in men from 1988 to 2000.5 Hypertension prevalence is highest in African-Americans when compared to non-Hispanic whites and Mexican-Americans.1... 

The selection of blood pressure cuff size based on a patient s arm circumference is crucial for the accurate measurement of blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure tend to increase when the cuff size is too small relative to the patient s arm circumference. This circumstance is important due to the increasing prevalence of obesity in developed nations. Currently, the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans recommends cuff sizes for small, standard, and large adults with an optimal 2 1 ratio of cuff length/width based on arm circumference.18... 

With a lifetime prevalence of 28.8%, anxiety disorders collectively represent the most prevalent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)2 class of disorders, with specific phobia (12.5%) and social anxiety disorder (12.1%) being the most common.3 Recent reports from the National Comorbidity Survey Revised (NCS-R) estimate the lifetime and 1-year prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) for those 18 years of age and older to be 5.7% and 3.1%, respectively.3,4 Rates for panic disorder (PD) are slightly lower, with an estimated 12-month prevalence of 2.7% and lifetime prevalence of 4.7%. 

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Dernier O, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of the DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005 62 593-602. 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

---