National phase

The PCT does not grant patents. Application under the PCT goes through two phases an international phase and a national phase. The international phase is where the application is searched, published, and subjected to preliminary examination. Then the application enters into the national phase in each country. The application is subjected to examination and granting procedures in each country. 

After the issue of the search report (and the international preliminary examination, if applicable and requested) the application passes to the national patent office of each of the designated countries, and this is the start of the national phase of the procedure. 

Finally, at 30 months, from the filing of date of the international application or from the earliest priority date of the application if a priority is claimed, the international phase ends and the international application enters in national and regional phase. (The 30-month time limit to enter the national phase is not applicable to all countries. A small number of countries stiU request the entering of the national phase under Chapter I at 20 months.). 

Articles 31 to 42 PCT provide for an international preliminary examination to be performed during the international phase (Chapter II of the Patent Cooperation Treaty). Countries having acceded to the Patent Cooperation Treaty can make a declaration that they will not be bound by Chapter 11 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty. An applicant resident in a country which is bound by Chapter II of the Patent Cooperation Treaty can make a request for an international preliminary examination to be performed for selected patent offices, known as elected offices . After the issue of the search report (and the international preliminary examination, if applicable and requested) the application passes to the national patent office of each of the designated countries and this is the start of the national phase of the procedure. On request of the applicant, a substantive examination takes place in each of the designated countries, (and the EPO, if designated), under the laws of that country. 

Mechanically, the National Phase means filing a patent application in each country initially designated, and still of interest, and advising each national patent office that the application is based on a PCT filing. Prosecution of each application is then handled by each country independently of what any other country may be doing with a corresponding application. Since each national patent office must act in conformity with the patent laws of that country, the Written Opinion cannot control, and there can be a broad range of reactions from the national patent offices to the Written... 

Sundstrom S, Bremnes R, Aasebo U, et al (2004) Hypofrac-tionated palliative radiotherapy (17 Gy per 2 fractions) in advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma is comparable to standard fractionation for symptom control and survival a national phase 111 trial. J Clin Oncol 22 801-810 Taghian AG, Abi-Raad R, Assaad SI, et al (2005) Paclitaxel decreases the interstitial fluid pressure and improves oxygenation in breast cancers in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 23 1951-1961... 

Inventors may begin with a Provisional Patent or PCT or proceed directly to filing a National Phase patent apphcation. The earher the National Phase patent application is filed, the earher the inventor will potentially have the patent examined and then issued. 

Provisional Patents and PCTs allow the inventor to estabhsh the priority date of the invention, while delaying the financial investment required of a National Phase patent apphcation. 

In the case of OtoSim Inc., three families of patents were filed that are now proceeding to the National Phase. The National Phase filing was initially deferred by submitting Provisionals and converting to PCTs to allow the corporation 2.5 years to confirm there was a market (sales) and to establish a cash flow to pay for the expensive National Phase process. 

The computer subroutines for calculation of vapor-phase and liquid-phase fugacity (activity) coefficients, reference fugac-ities, and molar enthalpies, as well as vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibrium ratios, are described and listed in this Appendix. These are source routines written in American National Standard FORTRAN (FORTRAN IV), ANSI X3.9-1978, and, as such, should be compatible with most computer systems with FORTRAN IV compilers. Approximate storage requirements and CDC 6400 execution times for these subroutines are given in Appendix J. 

FIGURE 4 11 Combi nation of tert butyl cation and chloride anion to give tert butyl chloride In phase overlap between a vacant p orbital of (CHbIbC and a filled p orbital of Cr gives a C—Cl (T bond... 

One of the chief uses of chloromethane is as a starting material from which sili cone polymers are made Dichloromethane is widely used as a paint stripper Trichloromethane was once used as an inhalation anesthetic but its toxicity caused it to be replaced by safer materials many years ago Tetrachloromethane is the starting mate rial for the preparation of several chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) at one time widely used as refrigerant gases Most of the world s industrialized nations have agreed to phase out all uses of CFCs because these compounds have been implicated m atmospheric processes that degrade the Earth s ozone layer... 

J. Barton, Evaluation of Trommels for Waste to Energy Plants, Phase I, National Center for Resource Recovery, Washington, D.C., 1982. 

U.S. EPA, National Pesticide Survey Phased Report, Offiice of Water, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 570/9-90-015, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

V. J. Johnson, ed.,M Compendium of the Properties of Materials atEow Temperatures-Phase 1 Part 1, Properties of Fluids, WADD Tech. Rep. 60—56, Contract No. AF33 (616) 58-4, National Bureau of Standards Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, New York, July 1960. 

The OLEFLEX process uses multiple side-by-side, radial flow, moving-bed reactors connected in series. The heat of reaction is suppHed by preheated feed and interstage heaters. The gas-phase reaction is carried out over a catalyst, platinum supported over alumina, under very near isothermal conditions. The first commercial installation of this technology, having an annual capacity of 100,000 t, was made in 1990 by the National Petrochemical Corporation in Thailand. A second unit, at 245,000 t capacity, has been built in South Korea by the ISU Chemical Company (70). 

Tide 1 of the CAAA of 1990 focuses on utiHty units located in ozone nonattainment regions of the United States, which include approximately 100 different areas where national standards for ground-level ozone (O ) are exceeded. More than 900 utiHty boilers are located within the nonattainment zones, including 90 units impacted by Phase I of Tide 4. These boilers represent approximately 400,000 MW of installed capacity and 60% of the country s UtiHty boilers. 

Because of the necessity to comply with national standards for ground-level ozone, some states are planning another phase of more stringent NO emissions limits which may take place in the eady 2000s. These additional post-RACT reductions may affect plants of all sizes and types, but are likely to focus on major sources. The deadline for compliance in the most extreme areas is 2010. For severe nonattainment areas (O levels 0.181—0.280 ppm), including many coastal areas in the Northeast, from northern Virginia to southern Maine, compliance must be achieved by November 2005 to November 2007. Serious ozone nonattainment areas (O levels 0.161—0.180 ppm) are expected to be in compliance by November 1999. Moderate noncompHance areas must comply by November 1996. 

Research on an hCG vaccine has been conducted over the past 15 years. WHO has conducted a phase I clinical study in AustraUa, using a vaccine based on a synthetic C-terminal peptide (109—141) of P-hCG conjugated to Diptheria Toxoid (CTP-DT), that showed potentially effective contraceptive levels of antibodies were produced in vaccinated women without any adverse side effects. Phase II clinical studies are under consideration to determine if the immune response, raised to its prototype anti-hCG vaccine, is capable of preventing pregnancy in fertile women volunteers (115). While research on the C-terminal peptide from the P-subunit of hCG has been carried out under the auspices of WHO, research supported by the Population Council and the National Institutes of Health has involved two alternative vaccine candidates (109,116,118). 

Halogenation and dehalogenation are catalyzed by substances that exist in more than one valence state and are able to donate and accept halogens freely. Silver and copper hahdes are used for gas-phase reactions, and ferric chloride commonly for hquid phase. Hydrochlorination (the absoration of HCl) is promoted by BiCb or SbCl3 and hydrofluorination by sodium fluoride or chromia catalysts that form fluorides under reaction conditions. Mercuric chloride promotes addition of HCl to acetylene to make vinyl chloride. Oxychlori-nation in the Stauffer process for vinyl chloride from ethylene is catalyzed by CuCL with some KCl to retard its vaporization. 

In Europe and Asian nations this is generally 110 or 110/ 2 V. (62.5 V) for phase-lo-phase or phase-lo-grotmd auxiliary circuits respectively. In the U.SA and Canada these voltages are 120 oiy l20/v2 V for distribution systems and 115 or 115/ v 2 V for transmission systems,... 

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