National implementation standards

As a result of atmospheric pollution levels that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in many parts of the United States, both the federal government and the State of California have implemented standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions from new vehicles (see Exhaust control, AUTOMOTIVE). The first of these standards went into effect in 1968 and mandated that the vapors from the vehicle crankcase be routed back through the engine and burned. Since then, the standards have continued to grow stricter. Table 7 shows the federal exhaust emission standards and Table 8 shows the more stringent California standards. California has mandated that starting in 1998 a certain percentage of new vehicles sales must be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV). 

While the establishment and implementation of national traceability systems is left to the countries and their legislation, the mutual recognition of these national systems calls for an international mechanism, at least if worldwide mutual recognition is aimed at. The MRA of the Meter Convention for national measurement standards and calibration and measurement certificates issued by NMIs [2] can be expected to at least provide for one important aspect of the task, namely the establishment of international equivalence at the national standards level. Together with the success of the work currently carried out by the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) for the harmonization of national laboratory accreditation schemes, the MRA will be the key to comparability and hence to ac-... 

In October 2005, under authority of the Clean Air Act and RCRA, the EPA issued its final national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants from hazardous waste combustors. The standards require hazardous waste combustors to meet hazardous air pollutant emission standards reflecting the application of maximum achievable controllable technology (MACT). These standards are applicable to any hazardous waste incinerator, including the chemical agent disposal facilities. In some states, separate air permits are issued to hazardous waste incinerators, while in others the RCRA permit requirements are adopted or changed to implement the requirements of the new MACT emissions standards for controlling the following pollutants ... 

The areas of interest in the field of emergency planning and response are the sections concerning State Implementation Plans (SIPS) and those for die National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). 

The statutory requirements addressed by each option are identified in the seventh column of Table X titled Statutory program. The specified compliance dates for each statutory program are also shown in the table, as are the implementation times for each option. Since the maximum achievable control technology (MACT) requirements have not yet been specified by EPA, projects directed toward those requirements have not yet been undertaken. That being the case, the implementation times identified indicate that options 5, 8, and 9 may have difficulty achieving timely compliance with these regulatory requirements. To proceed with the analysis, requirements that might be imposed under MACT were hypothesized to specify the performance characteristics of the associated pollution prevention options. It should be noted that only those options related with compliance with the Benzene Waste NESHAP (National Emissions Standard for... 

Clean Air Act (CAA 42 U.S. Code 7401 et seq.). States and state air control boards are required to implement regulations and develop state implementation plans (SIP) (137). Hazardous air pollutants (HAP), such as n-hexane, are regulated with National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) and criteria pollutants [e.g., ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and lead (Pb)] are regulated with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002, Veneman Marks Implementation ofUSDA National Organic Standards, USDA News Release No. 0453.02, October 21. 

USDA (2002b) Veneman marks implementation of USDA National Organic Standards. Release No. 0453.02, Oct. 21. 

The development of regional standardization bodies, which is described briefly later in this chapter, and in particular the rapid increase in the activities of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), has meant that there is now greater control over national implementation. The members of CEN are obliged to implement nationally all European Standards, and since probably the majority of European Standards are based on, if not identical to, their ISO equivalents, this means that the relevant International Standards are automatically adopted nationally by the European countries. 

Safety professionals can draw upon voluntary standards and national consensus standards to develop safety performance programs, implement continuous improvement programs related to safety, and develop measures of safety performance. National consensus standards are developed through a process of obtaining input from industry representatives on the development of the standard. This representation can include manufacturers, trade associations, professional organizations, as well as other standards development bodies in the United States, in other countries, or from international coalitions such as the European Community. 

Voluntary and national consensus standards can be very useful in the development and implementation of a safety performance improvement program. These standards can serve two purposes first, national consensus standards can provide an accepted management structure for the safety performance program, and second, national consensus standards can serve as a basis for establishing acceptable safety performance levels and a means for measuring safety performance. 

Although earthquake engineering has made a lot of progress, some areas of society have been surprisingly slow to implement proven measures. Many of the buildings that collapsed in the New Zealand earthquake in Eebruary, 2011, would have remained standing had they been reinforced to the recommended standard. They were not reinforced because of cost, but that cost was a small fraction of what it will now cost to rebuild. The January, 2010, Haitian earthquake was so deadly because there are no national huilding standards. The December, 2003,... 

Sweden Natur Yards Verket Input from Swedish Experts to the European Auto-Oil Programme D/rechve on Fuel Q a//tv, European Commission Brussels, 1995 Setting National Fuel Standards. Paper 3. Proposed Model for Standards Implementation, Environment Austraha Canberra, 2000 Walsh, M.P. Car Lines, 2000 (4)... 

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