Control over nationality

The evolution of quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) in industry has been a blend of the legally and regulatory imposed standards (since legislation is a quality control over national standards), together with the competition from the occasional far-sighted company, which imposes on the market its own advanced quality standards, leading to imitation by other companies for commercial purposes. 

The development of regional standardization bodies, which is described briefly later in this chapter, and in particular the rapid increase in the activities of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), has meant that there is now greater control over national implementation. The members of CEN are obliged to implement nationally all European Standards, and since probably the majority of European Standards are based on, if not identical to, their ISO equivalents, this means that the relevant International Standards are automatically adopted nationally by the European countries. 

In the world of documents there are two categories those that are controlled and those that are not controlled. A controlled document is one where requirements have been specified for its development, approval, issue, revision, distribution, maintenance, use, storage, security, obsolescence, or disposal. You do not need to exercise control over each of these elements for a document to be designated a controlled document. Controlling documents may be limited to controlling their revision. On the other hand, you cannot control the revision of national standards but you can control their use, their storage, their obsolescence, etc. Even memoranda can become controlled documents if you impose a security classification upon them. 

Since 1990, responsibility for containing the public pharmaceutical bill in Spain has fallen to a variety of instruments, none of which has proved particularly effective at cost containment, as can be seen from Table 6.1. These instruments have included stricter control over the National Health Service (NHS) (Sistema Nacional de Salud or SNS) budget for pharmaceuticals, modifications to the co-payment rates for certain drugs for chronic diseases, the exclusion of certain drugs from public financing (negative lists) and agreements with laboratories and pharmacies.1... 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) The U.S. Department of Labor through OSHA has safety and health regulatory and enforcement control over worker health in most industries, businesses, and states in the nation. 

Pearlman, R.S., Khashan, R., Wong, D., and Balducci, R. ProtoPlex User-control over tautomeric and protonation state. 224th ACS National Meeting, Boston, MA, 2002. 

While there were still many disputes between individual nations over the terms of opium production and distribution, international action finally proved effective, achieving an 80 percent reduction in worldwide opium production, from 42,000 tons in 1906 to 16,000 tons by 1934. Over the next several decades, international oversight continued, at times lulling (particularly during World War II), but at other times booming, especially after the creation of the United Nations following World War II. However, total control over opium has never been achieved, and illegal opium trade continues to this day. One reason it is so difficult to control opium production is that its cultivation is necessary to supply the lawful pharmaceutical industry. 

During the last several decades, naturally derived masticatory substances have been displaced to a considerable degree by synthetic materials — for reasons of availability, economics, and. frequently, better control over purity. These developments essentially paralleled the development of Ihe synthetic rubbers for industrial uses. Some of the synthetic substances now used and listed in the "Food Chemicals Codex, published by the National Academy of Sciences (Washington. DC) include- butadiene-styrene 75/25 rubber butadiene-styrene 50/50 rubber glycerol ester of partially dimerized rosin glycerol ester of partially hydrogenated wood... 

Before construction of this laboratory the Army depended upon industrial and national laboratories to provide irradiation services on a contractual basis. This procedure lacked the complete control over experiments that is obtained if all functions are housed in one facility, where scientists of the various disciplines can freely discuss experimental designs and results. 

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addictive Medicine defines alcoholism as a chronic disease influenced by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Alcoholism is described as a loss of control over drinking—a preoccupation with drinking despite negative consequences to one s physical, mental, and emotional makeup as well as one s work and family life. 

Within the low-level and intermediate-level waste classes, a further distinction was made between short- and long-lived waste, as well as alpha-bearing waste (IAEA, 1981). Short-lived waste referred to waste that would decay to low activity levels during the time period of perhaps a few centuries when administrative control over the waste can be expected to last, and long-lived waste referred to waste that would not decay to low levels during an administrative control period. Alpha-bearing waste referred to waste that contains one or more alpha-emitting radionuclides in amounts above acceptable limits established by national authorities. 

In its 2007 report on the implementation of article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988, the International Narcotics Control Board informs Governments of the notification that the Board has sent to the Secretary-General, to formally initiate the procedures to transfer phenylacetic acid from Table II to Table I of the Convention. The Board believes that the transfer is necessary because existing controls over phenylacetic acid are insufficient to prevent the diversion of the substance from continuing. 

A somewhat different note has been sounded from the Committee on Occupational Medical Practice of the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. The committee pointed out that risks to laboratory workers resulting from spontaneous infection are presumably similar to those involved in vaccination. The positive aspect of immunization is that it renders possible control over the time and initial site of entry of the virus. In the Committee s opinion, it is important for scientists and technicians to understand the US Public Health Service recommendations and to have the opportunity to receive Vaccinia immunization. They should also understand the possible drawbacks and have the opportunity to refuse vaccination (17). These different recommendations in the USA are also reflected in different national recommendations in other countries. 

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