Nasal immunization

Tafaghodi, M., Jaafari, M.-R., and Abolghasem, S., and Tabassi, S. (2006), Nasal immunization studies using liposomes loaded with tetanus toxoid and CpG-ODN, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 64,138-145. 

Sloat, B. R., and Zhengrong, C. (2006), Strong mucosal and systemic immunities induced by nasal immunization with anthrax protective antigen protein incorporated in lipo-some-protamine-DNA particles, Pharm. Res., 23,262-269. 

Childers, N. K.,Tong, G Mitchell, S Kirk, K Russel, M. W., and Michalek, S. M. (1999), A controlled clinical study of the effect of nasal immunization with a Streptococcus mutans antigen alone or incorporated into liposomes on induction of immune responses, Infect. Immun., 67, 618-623. 

Hordness, K., Tynning, T., Brown, T. A., Haneberg, B., and Jonsson, R. (1997), Nasal immunization with group B streptococci can induce high levels of specific IgA antibodies in cervicovaginal secretions of mice, Vaccine, 15,1244-1251. 

Kurono, Y., Yamamoto, M., Fujihashi, K., Kodama, S., Suzuki, M., Mogi, G., McGhee, J. R., and Kiyono, H. (1991), Nasal immunization induces Haemophilis influenzae-specific Thl and Th2 responses with mucosal IgA and systemic IgG antibodies for protective immunity,/. Infect. Dis., 180,122-132. 

Byun, Y., Ohmura, M., Fujihashi, K., Yamamoto, S., McGhee, J.R., Udaka, S., Kiyono, H., Takeda, Y., Kohsaka, T. and Yuki, Y. (2001) Nasal immunization with E. coli verotoxin 1 (VTl)-B subunit and a nontoxic mutant of cholera toxin elicits serum neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine, 19, 2061-2070. 

Norton PM, Wells JM, Brown HWG, Macpherson AM, Le Page RWF (1997) Protection against tetanus toxin in mice nasally immunized with recombant Lactobacillus lactis expressing tetanus toxin fragment C. Vaccine 15 616- 649... 

Mcdermott, M. Heritage, P.L. Bartzoka, V. Brook, M.A. Polymer grafted starch microparticles for oral and nasal immunization. Immunol. Cell Biol. 1998, 76 (3), 256-262. 

Worawan Boonyo, Hans E. Junginger, Neti Waranuch,Assadang Polnok and Tasana Pitaksuteepong, "Preparation and characterization of particles from chitosan with different molecular weights and their trimethyl chitosan derivatives for nasal immunization, /. Metals Mater. Minerals, 18(2] (2008], 59-65. 

Nasal Nasal immunization with chitosan plus trivalent... 

Carcaboso AM, Hernandez RM, Igartua M, Rosas JE, Patarroyo ME, Pedraz JL. Potent, long lasting systemic antibody levels and mixed Thl/Th2 immune response after nasal immunization with malaria antigen loaded PLGA microparticles. Vaccine 2004 22(ll-12) 1423-32. 

Tetanus Toxin (TTFC) The tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani under certain conditions. The use of L. lactis as a live protein delivery vector was first published by Wells et al. with the fragment C of tetanus toxin (TTFC) to provide a proof-of-concept (Wells et al. 1993a). Mice immunized with subcutaneous injection of L. lactis strains producing TTFC were successfully protected against lethal challenge with tetanus toxin. Both oral (Robinson et al. 1997) and nasal (Norton et al. 1997) administration strategies induced similar systemic antibody responses at protective levels, albeit oral immunization produced lower serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies compared to nasal immunization. 

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