NASA requirements

Industry and Business. Although the civilian population is a significant consumer of microwave equipment, commercial and military applications represent a large market share. In the commercial sector, the civilian aircraft and shipping industries are major purchasers of microwave equipment. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requires extremely precise, complex, and expensive navigational and communications equipment for its... 

So how to do it NASA s approach was this. On December 16, 2003, NASA headquarters posted a Request For Proposals on its website for a cultural analysis followed by the elimination of cultural problems detrimental to safety. Verifying the CAIB s conclusions about NASA s deadline-oriented culture, proposals first were due January 6, then the deadline was extended by a meager ten days. Ironically, the CAIB mandate to achieve cultural change itself produced the very production pressure about which the report had complained. Designated as a three-year study, NASA required data on cultural change in six months (just in time for the then-scheduled date of the Return to Flight Evaluation), and a transformed culture in 36 months. 

The level of factual experimental data that you had to produce to articulate that you didn t agree with something made it almost prohibitive in terms of time and cost/benefit analysis. .. in the sense that you re going against the norm. To disprove a theory within NASA required an unbelievable amount of rigor and analytical data. 

Mission Duration Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission duration is 12 years. The mulh-mission duiation is 20 years, and applies to subsequent missions. To meet these NASA requirements, the reactor should designed to support an initial operating life of 12-15 years, with subsequent missions of inaeasing duration, up to 20 years. Based on JPL document 982-00116. revision 2, Prometheus Project JIMO Project Derived Requirements, dated July 15,2005 and JPL document 982-00115, revision 2, Prometheus Project Multi-mission Project Derived Requirements, dated July 15, 2005. 

NASA is also considering a more advanced aircraft such as Mach 5 to cut Pacific travel time to about three hours, but in this case kerosene fuel is no longer acceptable, and Hquefted natural gas or Hquefted hydrogen would be needed to provide the necessary cooling and stabiUty. However, a completely new fueling system would be required at every international airport to handle these cryogenic fluids. 

NASA Engineering Management Council (EMC) 1995 Preliminary NASA Standard, General Requirements for Structural Design and Test Factors of Safety. 1 August (http // amsd-www.larc.nasa.gov/amsd/refs/fac saf.html). 

With the Industrial Revolution, life became more complex but it was not until World War II that reliability engineering was needed to keep the complex airplanes, tanks, vehicles and ships operating. Of particular concern was the reliability of radar. Prior to this time equipment was known qualitatively to be reliable or unreliable. To quantify reliability requires collecting statistics on part failures in order to calculate the mean time to failure and the mean time to repair. Since then, NASA and the military has included reliability specifications in procurements thereby sustaining the collection and evaluation of data build statistical accuracy although it adds to the cost. 

According to Summers and Chang from NASA s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field (1993), the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ provided a possibility for the reduction of nitrites and nitrates to ammonia. This reaction would have been of great importance, as NH3 is required in many syntheses of biogenesis precursors. The authors assume that nitrogen was converted to NO in a non-reducing atmosphere, and thence to nitrous and nitric acids. These substances entered the primeval oceans in the form of acid rain , and here underwent reduction to NH3 with the help of Fe2+, thus raising the pH of the oceans to 7.3. Temperatures above 298 K favoured this reaction, which can be written as ... 

MECHMOD A utility program written by Turanyi, T. (Eotvos University, Budapest, Hungary) that manipulates reaction mechanisms to convert rate parameters from one unit to another, to calculate reverse rate parameters from the forward rate constant parameters and thermodynamic data, or to systematically eliminate select species from the mechanism. Thermodynamic data can be printed at the beginning of the mechanism, and the room-temperature heat of formation and entropy data may be modified in the NASA polynomials. MECHMOD requires the usage of either CHEMK1N-TT or CHEMKIN-III software. Details of the software may be obtained at either of two websites http //www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/Combustion/Combustion.html or http //garfield. chem.elte.hu/Combustion/Combustion. html. 

Another system under investigation is the iron/ chromium redox flow battery (Fe/Cr RFB) developed by NASA. The performance requirements of the membrane for Fe/Cr RFB are severe. The membrane must readily permit the passage of chloride ions, but should not allow any mixing of the chromium and iron ions. An anionic permselective membrane CDIL-AA5-LC-397, developed by Ionics, Inc., performed well in this system. ° It was prepared by a free radical polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in a 1 1 molar ratio. One major issue with the anionic membranes was its increase in resistance during the time it was exposed to a ferric chloride solution. The resistance increase termed fouling is related to the ability of the ferric ion to form ferric chloride complexes, which are not electrically repelled by the anionic membrane. An experiment by Arnold and Assink indicated that... 

There is also the possibility of propelling vehicles. This means not just providing electricity, as with NASA spacecraft, but also providing the means of propulsion. Space-faring rockets require a bit too much power for this to be practical as yet, but cars and small airplanes travel at much more attainable speeds. Fuel cell engines are an extremely active area of research. 

Closed environments in space will require continuous control of atmospheric composition and pressure, including the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2). At the beginning of NASA s... 

Helioseismic waves are detected by measuring the Doppler shift of lines in the solar spectrum due to vertical motion of the Sun s surface along the line of sight. With appropriate data-reduction techniques, the frequencies for global oscillations can be determined to an accuracy of 5 ppm. This extreme accuracy requires long-term, continuous observations that are best done by spacecraft such as the joint ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft, which observes the Sun from the Lagrangian point where the Earth gravity balances that of the Sun. 

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