Redox-flow battery

Redox flow batteries, under development since the early 1970s, are stUl of interest primarily for utility load leveling applications (77). Such a battery is shown schematically in Figure 5. Unlike other batteries, the active materials are not contained within the battery itself but are stored in separate tanks. The reactants each flow into a half-ceU separated one from the other by a selective membrane. An oxidation and reduction electrochemical reaction occurs in each half-ceU to generate current. Examples of this technology include the iron—chromium, Fe—Cr, battery (79) and the vanadium redox cell (80). 

In redox flow batteries such as Zn/Cl2 and Zn/Br2, carbon plays a major role in the positive electrode where reactions involving Cl2 and Br2 occur. In these types of batteries, graphite is used as the bipolar separator, and a thin layer of high-surface-area carbon serves as an electrocatalyst. Two potential problems with carbon in redox flow batteries are (i) slow oxidation of carbon and (ii) intercalation of halogen molecules, particularly Br2 in graphite electrodes. The reversible redox potentials for the Cl2 and Br2 reactions [Eq. (8) and... 

Another type of redox flow battery that utilizes carbon electrodes and soluble reactants involving vanadium compounds in H2S04 is under evaluation [38,39] ... 

The redox flow battery (RFB) concept was first proposed by L. H. Thaller at the NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Since then, it... 

Another system under investigation is the iron/ chromium redox flow battery (Fe/Cr RFB) developed by NASA. The performance requirements of the membrane for Fe/Cr RFB are severe. The membrane must readily permit the passage of chloride ions, but should not allow any mixing of the chromium and iron ions. An anionic permselective membrane CDIL-AA5-LC-397, developed by Ionics, Inc., performed well in this system. ° It was prepared by a free radical polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate in a 1 1 molar ratio. One major issue with the anionic membranes was its increase in resistance during the time it was exposed to a ferric chloride solution. The resistance increase termed fouling is related to the ability of the ferric ion to form ferric chloride complexes, which are not electrically repelled by the anionic membrane. An experiment by Arnold and Assink indicated that... 

Heintz, A. and Ch. Illenberger. 1998. Thermodynamics of vanadium redox flow batteries Electrochemical and calorimetric investigations. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 102 1401-1409. 

Regenerative Fuel Cells or Redox Flow Batteries... 

Figure 2.1 Redox flow battery or regenerative fuel cell...

REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS OR REDOX FLOW BATTERIES... 

Bartolozzi M, 1989, Development of Redox Flow Batteries - A Historical Bibliography. Journal of Power Sources, 27, 219-234. 

Fig. 5. Schematic for a redox flow battery (78). Courtesy of Plenum Press.

Redox-flow battery Tomamae wind power generation... 

Comparison of energy density (kWh/m ) for various storage systems of electric power such as pumped hydropower, redox-flow battery, lead battery, NAS battery and methylcyclohexane (MCH) and decalin (TEPCO = Tokyo Electric Power Company). 

Battery Alkali battery, redox-flow battery, concentration cell, etc. 

Z. Ogumi, Y. Uchimoto, M. Tsujikawa and Z. Takehara, Modification of ion exchange membrane surface by plasma process. 1. H+ ion permselective membrane from Nafion for redox-flow battery, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990, 137, 1430. 

H. Ohya, K. Emori, T. Ohne, Y. Negishi and K. Matsumoto, Studied on membranes for a redox-flow battery II. Several factors influencing the electrical resistivity of anion exchange membranes, Denki Kagaku (J. Electrochem. Soc. Jpn.), 1985, 53, 462. 

G.-J. Hwang and H. Ohya, Cross-linking of anion exchange membrane by accelerated electron radiation as a separator for all-vanadium redox flow battery, J. Membr. Sci., 1997, 132, 55-61. 

Figure 4.5. Diagram of redox-flow battery based on the use ofV IVB and V2+/V3+ couples such as anolyte and catholyte, respectively (source Science)...

Figure 6.1. The solar rechargeable redox flow battery based on Li2W04lLil couples from [YAN13]...

BAR 89] Bartolozzi M., Development of redox flow batteries - a historical bibliography . Journal of Power Sources, vol. 27, p. 219, 1989. 

HAM 12] HAMELET S., TzedaKIS T., LERICHE J.-B. et al, Non-aqueous Li-based redox flow batteries . Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 159, no. 8, pp. A1360-A1367, 2012. 

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