Civilian aircrafts

Caibon-caibon has antigalling characteristic with the ability to slide against itself with very little wear, making it ideal for high-performance brakes. Such brakes are probably the maj or application of carbon-carbon and are found on most military aircraft, on the space shuttle. They are being introduced on civilian aircraft and racing cars. 

Space technology development has also provided advanced-performance materials test beds in both communications and structural areas. The value of these programs has been passed on in many cases from space and the military to civilian aircraft. Many of the advanced-performance materials in the new generation of airline transports, such as structural composites, were first developed for spacecraft or advanced military aircraft. 

For civilian aircraft the facility for rapid starting is not important and cartridge operation is not often employed, particularly because it involves storing and handling explosives, even though the hazards of these explosives are those of fire and not of detonation. For military purposes, however, particularly for fighter aircraft which are best scattered on an airfield, a rapid start is of considerable importance. Therefore cartridge operated starters are much used for these aeroplanes. In Britain, development has been essentially with propellants based on ballistite, namely double base propellants of the solventless type, whereas in the United States composite propellants based on ammonium nitrate have proved more popular. 

Briefly, JP-4 is a wide-cut fuel developed for broad availability in times of need. JP-6 is a higher cut than JP-4 and is characterized by fewer impurities. JP-5 is specially blended kerosene, and JP-7 is a high-flash-point special kerosene used in advanced supersonic aircraft. JP-8 is a kerosene fraction that is modeled on jet A-1 fuel (used in civilian aircraft). For this profile, JP-4 will be used as the prototype jet fuel, due to its broad availability and extensive use. 

From Farag 2008 (53), the mass of an aluminum panel that can bear the load in a civilian aircraft is 20.25 kg. The masses of CFRP and CNTRP panels of equivalent stiffness can be estimated from the proportionality of the weight to (p/ E1/3) and the values in Tables 15.5 and 15.6. The values for the aluminum alloy and Epoxy 33% carbon fabric+30% carbon fibers are based on (53). The calculated values are given in Table 15.7. The calculations show that, with the exception of Epoxy+1 wt% CVDMWNT and Epoxy+0.1 wt % MWNT (54), the aluminum panel is heaviest. The cost of material in a panel is calculated from its mass and the cost of material per kg, from Table 15.5. The results show that, with the exception of Epoxy+0.1 wt% MWNT, the aluminum panel is the least expensive. 

Mandatory wearing of seat belts in cars has been in force in the UK for the last 40 years or so for front seat passengers and more recently, especially for children, for rear seat passengers. Similar regulations exist elsewhere in the world to the extent that all new cars are fitted with front and rear seat belts - an extranely large market. Public transport vehicles such as coaches and taxis in the UK are also fitted with belts. All civilian aircraft are fitted with lap-style belts. 

The compositions on the basis of polyesteresterketones already compete with those based on thermoreaetive resins when making parts of military and civilian aircrafts. Sometimes it is possible to cut the weight on 30% if produee separate parts of plane engines from reinforeed polyesteresterketones. 

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites have found wide application in commercial and civilian aircraft, recreational, industrial, and transportation markets. C/C composites are ideally suited to applications where high strength, high stiffness, low density, and fatigue resistance are critical requirements. In addition, they can be used when high temperature resistance, chemical inertness and high dampening are desired. ... 

Unlike water, fire is less a concern with adhesives than with composites. However, flame-resistant adhesives have potential applications in aircraft interior panel structure. In the last two years, some tragic civilian aircraft accidents have prompted the development of flame-resistant adhesives. 

Military INS and GPS Uses. Flight instrumentation and avionics are used by military aircraft as well as civilian aircraft, but the military have many other applications. INS is used in guided missiles and submarines. It can also be used as a stand-alone navigational system in vehicles that do not want to communicate with outside sources for security purposes. INS and GPS are used in bombs, rockets, and, with great success, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that are used for reconnaissance as well as delivering ordnance without placing a pilot in harm s way. GPS is used in almost all military vehicles such as tanks, ships, armored vehicles, and cars, but not in submarines as the satellite signals will not penetrate deep water. GPS is also used by the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System as the satellites carry nuclear detonation detectors. 

Industry and Business. Although the civilian population is a significant consumer of microwave equipment, commercial and military applications represent a large market share. In the commercial sector, the civilian aircraft and shipping industries are major purchasers of microwave equipment. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requires extremely precise, complex, and expensive navigational and communications equipment for its... 

Military and commercial aircraft (Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev) Tupolev emerges as one of the world s leading designers of military and civilian aircraft. His aircraft set nearly eighty world records. 

Civilian aircraft normally in service includes Concorde, Airbus, Boeing, Antonov, Ilyushin ... 

The first electrical flight-control system (Fly-by-Wire FBW) for civilian aircraft was designed by Aerospatiale and installed on Concorde. It was a full authority analog system for all control surfaces, surface position being the sum of the pilot controllers position and of some stabilization orders. A mechanical backup system was available on all three axes. 

Unlike the civilian aircraft industry, the military industry is both the operator and... 

Military airworthiness authorities have generally not established acceptable levels of safety for technical failures. However, a higher risk level is generally considered acceptable for military aviation and a factor of 10 is often used when comparing acceptable accident rates for equivalent military and civilian aircraft types. Therefore, a probability of occurrence in the order of 10 per hour for a catastrophic severity effect for individual systems on a military transport category aircraft type (equivalent to a civil aircraft type) is often considered reasonable and achievable. See Appendix B for more information. 

FIRs were devised by ICAO in the 1950s to provide facilities and services to the civilian aircraft in the international airspace. FIR arrangements solely entail technical responsibility. It does not change the free status of the airspace over the high seas under international law. 

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