Nanoparticle-based carriers lipid nanoparticles

A novel nanoparticulate lipid-based carrier system was developed by Mumper et al. at the University of Kentucky. ° This carrier system is composed of a lipophilic-emulsifying wax such as cetyl alcohol/ polysorbate 60 and other surfactants such as Brij 72, Brij 78, and Tween 80. The nanoparticles were formed through a warm microemulsion technique where encapsulates have included paclitaxel and plasmid DNA. The emulsification process is spontaneous, and cooling of the emulsion causes solidification of the nanoparticle-containing drug. This novel carrier has shown high efficiency in drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. 

A novel sunscreen system based on tocopherol acetate incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles has been developed. In recent years, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been introduced as a novel carrier system for drugs and cosmetics. It has been found that SLN possess characteristics of physical UV-blockers on their own, thus offering the possibility of developing a more effective sunscreen system... 

Jenning V., Thunemann A.R, and Gohla S.H., Characterisation of a novel solid lipid nanoparticle carrier system based on binary mixtures of liquid and solid lipids, Int. J. Pharm., 199, 167, 2000. 

Bummer PM. Physical Chemical Considerations of Lipid-Based Oral Drug DeliverynSolid Lipid Nanoparticles. Crit Reviews in Ther Drug Carrier Sys 2004 21 1-19. 

Bummer PM. Physical chemical considerations of lipid-based oral drug delivery—Solid lipid nanoparticles. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2004 21(1) 10-20. 

Solid lipid nanoparticles were originally developed for parenteral drug delivery to provide a parenteral drug carrier system based on physiological compounds and a potential controlled release and/or targeting of the drug. A broad variety of drugs (e.g. doxorubicin, camptothecin, etoposide, mitoxan-trone, tamoxifen,paclitaxel, clozapine, lovastatin, bromocriptine, temozolomide, actarit and dexametha-sone °) has already been incorporated into SLN formulations and tested in vivo in mice or rat. 

Due to their positive influence on skin hydration and viscoelasticity ° ° as well as their UV-blocking potential, solid lipid nanoparticles and the related nanostructured lipid carriers appear very promising for cosmetics and first cosmetics based on SEN are commercial available. Eipid nanoparticle based formulations were e.g. developed for anti-ageing and sunscreen formulations. As cosmetics shall be active solely on the skin, the permeation of components of the formulations through the skin is undesirable because of potential adverse systemic effects. 

Puri, A., Loomis, K., Smith, B., Lee, J. H., Yavlovich, A., Heldman, E. Blumenthal, R. (2009). Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers from concepts to clinic Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst, 26, 523—580. 

Wu, X, Wang, Z., Zhu, D, Zong, S., Yang, L., Zhong, Y., and Cui, Y. (2013) pH and thermo dual-stimuli-responsive drug carrier based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles encapsulated in a copolymer-lipid bilayer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5 (21), 10895-10903. 

RH40 (Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil) and cremophor EL (Polyoxyl 35 castor oil). HLB values of cremophor RH 40 and cremophor EL are in the range of 12-16 which are appropriate for the preparation of lipidic nanoparticles including solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nano-liquid lipdic carriers (NLCs) and mono-olein (MO) based liquid crystalline nanoparticle (LCN) dispersion [101, 102],... 

Martins, S., Sarmento, B., Ferreira, D.C., Souto, E.B., 2007. Lipid-based colloidal carriers for peptide and protein delivery— Uposomes versus lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2 (4), 595-607. 

Early non-viral techniques involved the direct injection of naked DNA through the use of electrical impulses (electroporation), or bombardment with gold particles (gene gun), to force them across cellular membranes. However, these methods were inefficient, localized, and scarcely versatile. Non-viral carriers were developed using cationic lipids, polymers, carbon nanotubes, metal nanorods, and ceramic- and silica-based nanoparticles (Nishikawa Huang, 2001 Roy et al., 2003, 2005, 2008 Mintzer Simanek, 2009). 

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