Nanomaterial overview

Nanomaterials Overview Functionalized Alumoxane Nanocomposites Polymer-Layered Silicate... 

Conte, M., P. Prosini, S. Passerini, Overview of energy/hydrogen storage State-of-the-art of the technologies and prospects for nanomaterials. Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol. 

In this brief overview, we will use selected examples to illustrate how nanotechnology impacts catalyst preparation and ways that catalytic reactions can be conducted. We will also discuss the impact of catalysis on nanotechnology using examples where catalysts are used to facilitate preparation of nanostructures and nanomaterials, and to produce motion in nanomachines. 

Oberdorster E (2004) Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ Health Pers 112 1058-1062 Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V, Elder A, Gelein R, Kreyling W, Cox C (2004) Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain of rats. Inhal Toxicol 16 437-445 Odashima S (1980) Overview N-nitroso compounds as carcinogens for experimental animals and man. Oncology 37 282-286... 

Ichikawa, M. (1999) Metal clusters and nanomaterials an overview, in Metal Clusters in Chemistry (eds P. Braunstein, LA. Oro and P.R. Raithby), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, p. 1273. 

At first, however, this review will provide the reader with a critical overview over the most commonly used nanomaterials. The emphasis here will be particularly on those aspects of their synthesis, manipulation, and characterization that are of significant importance for their use as dopants in liquid crystalline phases or as precursors for the formation of liquid crystalline superstructures including size and size-distribution, shape, chemical purity, post-synthesis surface modifications, stability of capping monolayers, and overall thermal as well as chemical stability. 

The synthesis, characterization and properties of nanomaterials have become very active areas of research in the last few years. In particular, nanostructured materials assembled by means of supramolecular organization offer many exciting possibilities. These include self-assembled monolayers and multilayers with different functionalities, intercalation in preassembled layered hosts and inorganic three-dimensional networks. The reader is referred to the special issue of Chemistry of Materials91 for an overview of present day interests. There are many recent reviews on the varied aspects of nanomaterials. The work of Alivisatos92 on the structural transitions, elec-... 

Although such a variety of synthetic methods can be used to produce ZnO nanomaterials, the following section will provide an overview of synthetic procedures to produce ZnO nanomaterials that are further demonstrated for fluorescence detection of biomolecules [61-65], Specifically, the following section will focus on a gas-phase nthetic route exploiting microcontact-printed catalysts and describe an in situ m od for producing ZnO nanorod (ZnO NR) platforms in an array format The physical and optical properties of as-synthesized ZnO NRs will be also discussed. 

The remarkable situation in which we find ourselves in modem materials science is that physics has for some time been sufficiently developed, in terms of fundamental quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, that complete and exact ab initio calculations of materials properties can, in principle, be performed for any property and any material. The term ab initio" in this context means without any adjustable or phenomenological or calibration parameters being required or provided. One simply puts the required nuclei and electrons in a box and one applies theory to obtain the outcome of a specified measurement. The recipe for doing this is known but the execution can be tedious to the point of being impossible. The name of the game, therefore, has been to devise approximations and methods that make the actual calculations doable with limited computer resources. Thanks to increased computer power, the various approximations can be tested and surpassed and more and more complex materials can be modelled. This section provides a brief overview of the theoretical methods of solid state magnetism and of nanomaterial magnetism in particular. 

The chemical methods for the preparation of nanomaterial could be categorized as either template-directed or template-free. The template synthesis methods commonly used for the production of one-dimensional nanostructured PANI are further subdivided into hard template (physical template) synthesis and soft template (chemical template) synthesis approach according to the solubility of the templates in the reaction media. Non-template routes for the synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructured PANI such as rapid-mixing reaction method, radiolytic synthesis, interfacial polymerization, and sonochemical synthesis have also been reported [56], Other approaches like combined soft and hard template synthesis are also known. An overview of hard-template, soft-template, and template-free procedures are presented in the following paragraphs. 

K. S. Kim, From gas phase clusters to nanomaterials an overview of theoretical insights. Bull. 

The design of fluorescence-based detection systems for small molecules is influenced immediately by the fact that the vast majority of these target analytes are nonfluorescent. Therefore, sensors are required that probe the analyte and incorporate fluorophores which respond sensitively to the probe-analyte interaction. As stated above, in type I sensors these fluorophores are coupled to the sensor unit of the reporter. A vast array of fluorescent molecules is known. Here we give a brief overview of these fluorophores by family—small molecules, proteins, and the new fluorescent nanomaterials—and comment on how they may be incorporated into sensors for small molecules. The description of the sensor units is usually unique to the analyte of interest and is detailed in Section 6.3. 

---