Nanofillers mineral fillers

Mineral fillers and additives aluminium trihydrate (ATH), magnesium hydroxide and boron derivates are the best known but tin derivates, ammonium salts, molybdenum derivates and magnesium sulphate heptahydrate are used to varying extents and nanofillers are developing. 

Nanoclays. Nanocomposites are materials that contain nanofillers, or fillers of nanometer dimensions. The successful synthesis of nylon-clay nanocomposites (57-59) ushered in nylon nanocomposites that could attain high modulus, heat distortion temperature, dimensional stabiUty, impermeabiUty, and strength with only a few percent modified clay nanofillers. Although it has been long known that poljuners could be mixed with appropriately modified clay minerals and synthetic clays, the field of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites has gained... 

Increased modulus at very low filler concentration 5 % nanofiller can typically provide the same increase in modulus as 40 % traditional mineral filler (such as talc) or 15 % glass fibres. 

This chapter focuses on the non-linear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites and nanocomposites. Here, we have discussed about the effect of individual fillers (mineral fillers, nanotubes, carbon nanofillers, fibrous nanofiUers, biofillers, special structured fillers viz. nanorods, nanowires, nanoflowers etc.) on the linear/ nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites. Moreover, as this chapter is more concerned on the non-linear viscoelastic behavior, we have also discussed the effect of hybrid fillers on the nonUnear viscoelastic behavior of rubber composites in more detail. 

Beyer G. Flame retardant properties of EVA-nanocomposites and improvements by combination of nanofiller with aluminium trihydrate. Fire Mater, 2001 25 pp. 193-197. Rothon NR. Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites. Harlow Longman Scientific 1995. Hawroth B, Raymond CL, Sutherland I. Polyethylene compounds containing mineral fillers modified by acid coatings. 2. Factors influencing mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci, 2001 41 pp. 1345-1364. 

Graphene-polymer nanocomposites share with other nanocomposites the characteristic of remarkable improvements in properties and percolation thresholds at very low filler contents. Although the majority of research has focused on polymer nanocomposites based on layered materials of natural origin, such as an MMT type of layered silicate compounds or synthetic clay (layered double hydroxide), the electrical and thermal conductivity of clay minerals are quite poor [177]. To overcome these shortcomings, carbon-based nanofillers, such as CB, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and graphite have been introduced to the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. Among these, carbon nanotubes have proven to be very effective as conductive fillers. An important drawback of them as nanofillers is their high production costs, which... 

The words nanocomposites and nanofillers are fairly recent, but have been in use since 1904 for example, carbon black is being used as a reinforcing filler in rubbers and apparently always existed in nature (in minerals and vegetation) [1, 2]. 

The automotive sector is attracted by the fact that nanocomposites have a lower density than conventionally mineral-filled products, and are easier to recycle because of their low filler content. If the automotive industry adopts nanofillers extensively, sales of talc may suffer, although nanotalcs are becoming available. 

For most SMPINCs, the use of various inorganic fillers for their unique composite properties is prohibitive in a biological setting because of the cytotoxicity of the nanofillers. However, researchers have recently been adding biocompatible inorganics to polymer networks in order to obtain more biofriendly properties. For example, when researchers added the bone mineral-mimicking hydroxyapatite (HA) to a poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) network, they not only validated a SMPINC... 

MMT nanoparticles are well known to be a mixture of several natural compounds with nonuniform composition and particle size [27]. For example, MMT minerals from different deposits might differ considerably in composition. This variation in composition of MMT significantly complicates the task of making functional nanocomposites with prescribed properties for targeted applications. Therefore, there is a need to develop synthetic nanofillers with prescribed particle composition, shape, and size for use as fillers in polymer nanocomposites with well-defined properties. In this area, synthetic nanodimensional silicates may provide a number of opportunities in polymer nanocomposites that is relatively little studied and poorly understood relative to the well-studied polymer nanocomposites filled with natural layered MMTs [28-32]. In contrast to the commonly used layered MMT compounds, it is envisaged that use of nanoparticles with different morphology (e.g.,... 

Nanoclay fillers are categorized as platelet-like nanoclays or layered silicates and tubular nanoclays in terms of filler shape. With the configuration of two tetrahedral sheets of silicate and a sheet layer of octahedral alumina, platelet-like nanoclays or phyllosilicates are formed, which include smectite, mica, vermiculite, and chlorite. In particular, smectite clays are widely employed with further subcategories of MMT, saponite, hectorite, and nontronite. The typical MMT clays are regarded as one of the most effective nanofillers used in polymer/clay nanocomposites due to their low material cost and easy intercalation and modification (Triantafillidis et al., 2002). On the other hand, the fundamental structure of tubular nanoclays contains an aluminum hydroxide layer and a silicate hydroxide layer. They are also known as dio-ctahedral minerals with two different types of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and imo-golite nanotubes (INTs). Notwithstanding their material role as clay minerals, these two types of tubular nanoclays resemble the hollow tubular structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this section, three different types of clay nanofillers, namely MMTs, HNTs, and INTs are reviewed in detail along with the development of clay modification. 

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